Crop and Pest Management Guidelines

Table 2.9.1 Insect and mite management¹

 NOTE: See Table 2.10.1 for pesticide trade names containing the active ingredients noted below. Where a specific product is listed after a recommended pesticide, only that product is labeled for that use. Always confirm that the site you plan to treat and the pest you wish to control are listed on the label before using any pesticide.

 Symbols Used: * = Restricted use pesticide; *^F = indicates a federally restricted use pesticide. † = Not for use in Nassau and Suffolk Counties.

American plum borer (118), Euzophera semifuneralis (moth)

Plant abnormalities:

Red frass collects on loose bark, oozing sap on trunk.

Management options:

Several effective wasp parasites and a predatory beetle. Permethrin.

When to treat:

Mid- to late May, 245-440 GDD, PPI-redbud, flowering almond. Bark sprays for newly emerging adults

IPM considerations:

Pest recorded on several shade and flowering fruit trees; i.e., sycamore, crabapple. Bark wounds provide entry sites for infestation. Two generations a year; pheromone traps can be used for monitoring and timing controls. First application timed for moths shortly after petal fall (tart cherry), second application if moths still active done by mid-July.

Aphids (leaf and twig forms) (34, 35, 138, 140, 150)

Plant abnormalities:

Plant unthrifty, honeydew and sooty mold present, distorted or pale green foliage, reduced shoot growth.

Management options:

Many natural enemies, ladybird beetles, syrphid fly larvae, internal parasites. Abamectin (trunk injection), acephate, acetamiprid (foliar spray or ^##basal bark application *TriStar 8.5SL), bifenthrin, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole + flonicamid, cyfluthrin, diazinon, dimethoate (arborvitae, birch, camellia, euonymus, honeysuckle, juniper, rose), flonicamid, flupyradifurone (foliar spray or container drench), fluvalinate, horticultural oil, imidacloprid (foliar spray or soil application), malathion, neem oil, pymetrozine, spirotetramat, thiamethoxam (Christmas trees only).

^##2(ee) recommendation of *TriStar 8.5SL for unlabeled application method. The 2(ee) recommendation must be in the applicator's possession when using.

When to treat:

Dormant oil GDD: spring 7-120 or when aphids are found.

IPM considerations:

Predators usually found with high aphid populations. Pesticides applied to foliage kill predators. Insecticidal soap controls some species. Where practical, wash off aphids with a strong stream of water.

Apple blotch leafminer (90), Phyllonorycter crataegella (moth)

Plant abnormalities:

Blotch leaf mines. Plant appears scorched or ragged.

Management options:

Parasites and predators do not provide adequate control. Abamectin, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, emamectin benzoate, imidacloprid (soil drench or injection (excluding Long Island).

When to treat:

Foliar sprays early May, 121-192 GDD, PPI-Japanese quince. Again in late May through early June, 363-553 GDD, PPI-ruby horsechestnut, beautybush. Soil application probably most effective in fall or early spring.

IPM considerations:

Mine is apparent from underside of leaf. Apple, hawthorn, cherry, plum, and quince are hosts. Only unfolding leaves are attacked.

Arborvitae leafminers (14), Argyresthia sp. (moth)

Plant abnormalities:

Tips of shoots and foliage turn yellow then brown.

Management options:

Many effective larval and pupal parasites. Soil application of systemic insecticides (imidacloprid), foliar sprays to control larvae (acephate##), or moths (bifenthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, spinosad). Trunk injection (emamectin benzoate).

^##2(ee) recommendation of *Acephate 97 UP for use on unlabeled pest. The 2(ee) recommendation must be in the applicator's possession when using *Acephate 97 UP for control of arborvitae leafminer. See 2(ee) at extapps.dec.ny.gov/nyspad/products.

When to treat:

Soil application with imidacloprid to control larvae in early spring. Acephate foliar spray for larvae: mid-May, 150-260 GDD. Again in mid-August, 1800-2200 GDD. Treat moth stage: mid-June, 533-700 GDD.

IPM considerations:

Parasites usually not abundant in specimen trees. For sprays, two applications may be required for first year of treatment; one application of spinosad during early moth flight has provided good control in one trial. If infestation is light, prune out infested tips.

Azalea bark scale (160), Eriococcus azaleae (felt scale)

Plant abnormalities:

Honeydew and sooty mold, yellowing leaves and dieback.

Management options:

One important chalcid wasp parasite. Acephate, acetamiprid (8.5SL, trunk spray or injection), carbaryl, cyfluthrin, horticultural oil, insecticidal soap, lambda-cyhalothrin, malathion, pyriproxyfen [Distance (2(ee)) ^##, Defiance)], spirotetramat (Kontos spray, container drench).

^##2(ee) recommendation for use on unlabeled pest. The 2(ee) recommendation must be in the applicator's possession when using Distance for control of azalea bark scale. See 2(ee) at extapps.dec.ny.gov/nyspad/products.

When to treat:

Delayed dormant (oil). Again from late June to late July, PPI-Tilia cordata, Abelia. Application targeting crawlers mid-July (1424 GDD) was highly effective.

IPM considerations:

Crawlers tend to settle in twig crotches, bark crevices, and axils of leaves. Thoroughly wet bark from all sides when treating. Hosts include azalea, rhododendron, and andromeda.

Azalea leafminer (93), Caloptilia azaleella (moth)

Plant abnormalities:

Brown blotch leaf mines and leaves tied together with silk.

Management options:

Pesticides used mostly to control larvae. Parasites not capable of reducing populations to an acceptable level. Abamectin, carbaryl, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, dimethoate, imidacloprid (soil application), permethrin.

When to treat:

June, 450-800 GDD, PPI-Kousa dogwood, beautybush. Again in late July for second generation, 1260-1500 GDD, PPI-Abelia, sourwood. Imidacloprid soil application in spring.

IPM considerations:

Do not apply sprays when in flower. Older larvae feed externally, tying leaves together with silk. Rake and destroy fallen leaves.

Azalea lace bug (204), Stephanitis pyrioides see Lace bugs

Azalea whitefly (151), Pealius azaleae

Plant abnormalities:

Honeydew and sooty mold, discolored foliage, yellowish mottle.

Management options:

Large populations may require use of pesticides. Bifenthrin, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, diazinon, dimethoate, flonicamid, flupyradifurone (foliar spray or container drench), fluvalinate, horticultural oil, imidacloprid (soil, foliar), lambda-cyhalothrin, malathion, neem oil, spirotetramat (Kontos).

When to treat:

Sprays as needed early to mid-June, 448-700 GDD, PPI-mt. laurel, Philadelphus, again from mid-July to early August, 1250-1500 GDD, and September, 2032-2150 GDD. Imidacloprid soil application in early spring.

IPM considerations:

Limited information on biology in the US. Whitefly feeds on undersurface of leaves on azalea ('Delaware Valley White' and related hairy leaved hybrids), rhododendron, mt. laurel, and andromeda. Most insecticides control both adults and immatures. Resistant azalea varieties are available.

Bagworm (80, 81), Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis (moth)

Plant abnormalities:

Sparse foliage; spindle-shaped bags attached to twigs/foliage.

Management options:

Several parasitic insects present in most bagworm populations, but rarely an acceptable means of control. Acephate, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, bifenthrin, carbaryl, chlorantraniliprole (1.67SC spray), cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, diazinon, diflubenzuron, dimethoate (juniper, arborvitae), emamectin benzoate, fluvalinate, gamma-cyhalothrin, indoxacarb, lambda-cyhalothrin, malathion, permethrin, spinosad .

When to treat:

Mid-June after egg hatch, 600-900 GDD, PPI-mt. laurel, Japanese tree lilac. Summer application as needed.

IPM considerations:

Thorough coverage of foliage with pesticides required. If practical, handpick and destroy bags in fall or winter; power-wash bags off walls and other structures. Bags may remain attached to plants even where treatment is effective.

Balsam gall midge (51), Paradiplosis tumifex

Plant abnormalities:

Small galls (swelling) on needles.

Management options:

Pesticides must control larvae before gall tissue covers them. Carbaryl, thiamethoxam (25WG, Christmas trees only).

When to treat:

May, 120-299 GDD. PPI-Japanese quince, saucer magnolia.

IPM considerations:

A gall wasp (Platygaster sp.) has potential for significant biocontrol in Christmas tree plantations.

Balsam twig aphid (33), Mindarus abietinus

Plant abnormalities:

Honeydew, twisted needles.

Management options:

Acephate, acetamiprid, bifenthrin, carbaryl, chlorantraniliprole, cyfluthrin, diazinon, dimethoate, esfenvalerate, flonicamid, fluvalinate, gamma-cyhalothrin, horticultural oil, imidacloprid (soil or foliar application), malathion, pymetrozine, spirotetramat, thiamethoxam (25WG, Christmas trees only).

When to treat:

Foliar sprays late April to early May, 30-100 GDD. PPI-boxelder, star magnolia. Imidacloprid soil application late fall or early spring.

IPM considerations:

Good coverage important; include wetting agent and increase gallonage as needed. Most insecticides should be applied on warm days before budcap loosens. Good control reported with longer-residual sprays after egg hatch in mid-spring. Experience in NC suggests treatment may not be needed if trees are >2 years to harvest as natural enemies often provide adequate control and damage will not appear later at sale. Sometimes confused with balsam woolly adelgid, a damaging pest of true firs (Fraser, balsam, etc.) that causes swellings at twig nodes, thinning, and dieback of the crown.

Balsam woolly adelgid (30), Adelges piceae

Plant abnormalities:

Swollen nodes on twigs and terminal buds, twig distortion, woolly material on bark, yellow and thinning foliage. Infested trees may be killed.

Management options:

Natural enemies don't always provide adequate control. Acetamiprid, bifenthrin (*^FSniper, *^FOnyxPro, *Talstar P), cyantraniliprole (drench), cyclaniliprole, esfenvalerate, fluvalinate, horticultural oil, imidacloprid (soil or foliar application), insecticidal soap, spirotetramat, thiamethoxam (25WG, Christmas trees only).

When to treat:

Sprays at budbreak. Summer sprays can be used, 2-3 applications at weekly intervals. Thorough coverage important, include wetting agent if needed.

IPM considerations:

Hosts include true firs (Abies spp.); balsam (A. balsamea), Fraser (A. fraseri) and subalpine (A. lasiocarpa) firs may be killed before swelling is observed. Silver fir (A. alba) noted as relatively resistant. Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga) is not a host. At least two generations in NY. Scout carefully monthly spring to fall for the small cottony masses on bark of twigs, branches and trunk; treat before symptoms are apparent. Overwinters as first-instar nymphs on bark. Remove heavily infested trees. Not all listed products are labeled for use on field-grown Christmas trees.

Beech blight aphid (see Woolly beech aphids)

Beech scale (158), Cryptococcus fagisuga (bark crevice scale)

Plant abnormalities:

Discolored bark, white woolly masses in crevices.

Management options:

Few natural enemies. Acephate, acetamiprid (trunk spray or injection), carbaryl, cyfluthrin, horticultural oil, insecticidal soap, lambda-cyhalothrin, neem oil, pyriproxyfen (Distance, Defiance).

When to treat:

Spring dormant (oil), mid-August through September.

IPM considerations:

Scales found on bole and associated with Nectria fungi that causes lethal beech bark disease. Crawlers active in August and September.

Birch leafminer (84), Fenusa pusilla (sawfly)

Plant abnormalities:

Dark greenish spots on leaves expanding to tan blotch mines covering one-half or more of leaf.

Management options:

Exotic parasites have been established, notably Lathrolestes nigricollis, an ichneumonid wasp. Abamectin, acephate, azadirachtin, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, bifenthrin, carbaryl, chlorantraniliprole (1.67SC, soil application), dimethoate, emamectin benzoate, imidacloprid (soil drench or injection (not on Long Island)), malathion, permethrin, phosmet.

When to treat:

Foliar sprays when mines first visible. Mid-May, 190-290 GDD, PPI-flowering dogwood, cranberry bush, and mid-June, 530-700 GDD. Imidacloprid soil treatment in November or March has worked well.

IPM considerations:

Two to four generations. Control of first generation most important. Other species of sawfly leafminers occur on birch. Plant resistant birches (https://hdl.handle.net/1813/56365.2).

Birch skeletonizer (102), Bucculatrix canadensisella (leaf-feeding caterpillar)

Plant abnormalities:

Brown skeletonized leaves.

Management options:

Bifenthrin, chlorantraniliprole (1.67SC, spray), cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, indoxacarb, permethrin.

When to treat:

Mid- to late July, 1266-1580 GDD. PPI-Abelia, golden rain tree.

IPM considerations:

Damaging populations occur in about 10-year cycles.

Black turpentine beetle (24), Dendroctonus terebrans (scolytid bark beetle)

Plant abnormalities

"Pitch tubes" on lower 6 feet of trunk-may not be present if area below soil was attacked. Foliage turns lighter green; needles eventually become rusty brown. Trees may withstand light attacks.

Management options:

Abamectin trunk injection (*Abacide, *Abacide Hp), bifenthrin (*^FOnyxPro, *Talstar P, *Baseline, *Bisect L, *Up-Star EC T&O, Ortho Max Pro), emamectin benzoate (*Tree-äge G4/*^FR10, *Boxer, *TreeMec Inject), permethrin.

When to treat:

Mid-April, again in mid-May. Thoroughly drench lower 6 feet of trunk and buttress roots with forceful spray. Reapply in summer if adults are still present.

IPM considerations:

Trees smaller than Christmas trees are less likely to be attacked. Japanese black, pitch, Scots, and other pines commonly affected; red spruce is also a host. Most damage is to lower 18 in. of trunk. Remove and destroy newly cut trees, including stumps and buttress roots. Although healthy trees are sometimes affected, minimize drought and other stresses, which seem to increase susceptibility.

Black vine weevil (112), Otiorhynchus sulcatus

Plant abnormalities:

Notched leaves, bark removed from root crown.

Management options:

Some populations may be resistant to organophosphorus insecticides. Foliar sprays: acephate, bifenthrin, cryolite (Prokil; injury has occurred on Taxus), cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin (*Tempo Ultra), flupyradifurone (container drench), fluvalinate, gamma-cyhalothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, thiamethoxam (25WG, Christmas trees only). Media treatment: acephate (drench for arborvitae, azalea, camellia, rhododendron, rose, viburnum, yew), bifenthrin, (drench or media incorporated granular, see label), Metarhizium, thiamethoxam (25WG, Christmas trees only.

When to treat:

Sprays: treat foliage and surface at three-week intervals beginning early May, 148-400 GDD (if overwintering adults present), or early June and at three-week intervals for rest of growing season. Media: Drench media of container stock late summer to early fall). Incorporate Nursery Granular or Lalguard M52 Granular into media prior to planting.

IPM considerations:

Adults feed on wide range of host plants; some rhododendrons resistant to foliar damage (https://hdl.handle.net/1813/66892). Larvae cause most serious injury to roots. Scouting is essential. One drench per growing season may be adequate for container plants. Birds are good predators. Pitfall or burlap collar traps catch night- feeding weevils. Older container-grown plants and evergreen hedges may be sources of reinfestation. Some larval natural enemies including ant predators (esp. first generation 5^th & 6^th instar larvae), parasitoid wasps. Trichogramma ostriniae can kill significant numbers of eggs through parasitism and feeding. Beneficial nematode drenches can be used for larvae, with best results in small, containerized plants. Apply when larvae are present in late summer to fall and when temperatures are favorable. Contact suppliers for specific recommendations regarding species used.

Box tree moth (NA), Cydalima perspectalis

Plant abnormalties:

Webbing often with frass, chewed or skeletonized foliage, chewing damage to stems, dieback.

Management options:

Acetamiprid (*TriStar 8.5SL), azadirachtin (Aza-Direct, Azatin O, Ornazin, Molt-X), Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Javelin WG¹, Crymax¹, Deliver¹, Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai (Agree¹),

bifenthrin (*^FTalstar S Select, *Talstar P Professional, *^FOnyxPro), chlorantraniliprole (*†Acelepryn Insecticide, *†Durentis), cyantraniliprole (*Mainspring GNL²), cyclaniliprole (*†Sarisa, *†Pradia), cyfluthrin (Tempo SC Ultra), deltamethrin (*Suspend SC), fluvalinate (*Mavrik), indoxacarb, lambda-cyhalothrin (*^FScimitar GC), permethrin (*Astro), pyrethrins (Pyganic Crop Proection EC 5.0), spinosad (Conserve, Entrust SC). More information and management options at https://tinyurl.com/NYSIPM-BoxTreeMoth.

¹With supplemental 2(ee) label available from extapps.dec.ny.gov/nyspad/products. ²Indoor use only in Nassau and Suffolk Counties.

When to treat:

Late spring through fall. Caterpillars overwinter and emerge from silken hibernaria as spring temperatures rise above 48°F. At least two generations in Canada and likely three in SE NY.

IPM considerations:

Report suspect sightings to https://arcg.is/1Df8Se. Currently in Ontario, Canada, western NY, Cape Cod, SW Ohio.; check NYS Dept of Agriculiture website for current quarantine status and restrictions (https://agriculture.ny.gov/plant-industry/box-tree-moth). Buxus is the only observed host in Europe and Canada. Pheromone traps available for detecting and monitoring moths, place out by mid- to late May. The green and black caterpillars may be protected by webbing and often feed deep in canopy; spray coverage needs to be thorough. Include wetting agent or sticker if needed. Avoid application during bloom if spray is hazardous to bees. Boxwood webworm, the only other caterpillar known to feed on boxwood in the NE US, may produce some webbing and chewing damage but appears to prefer dead foliage.

Boxelder bug (191), Boisea trivittata

Plant abnormalties:

Foliar distortion, stippling and/or bronzing. Usually female boxelder trees most affected. Large numbers of insects congregate on buildings in fall.

Management options:

Acephate (*Dendrex), bifenthrin, carbaryl, cyfluthrin, flonicamid, lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin.

When to treat:

Around midsummer, when insects are present on trees.

IPM considerations:

Large numbers sometimes congregate in autumn on trees, buildings, or other structures and become an annoyance; foliar damage to boxelder is usually unimportant. Treat infested nearby boxelder (Acer negundo); silver and sycamore maples are also hosts. Adults can fly long distances, so eliminating nearby boxelders may not help. Some of the insecticides above are labeled for structure surfaces; contact licensed structural pest manager for options.

Boxwood leafminers (94), Monarthropalpus flavus (fly larva)

Plant abnormalities:

Yellowish mines most noticeable on undersurface of leaves.

Management options:

Few parasites. Abamectin, acetamiprid, bifenthrin, carbaryl, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, diazinon, dimethoate, imidacloprid (soil drench or soil injection; soil injection not allowed on Long Island), malathion, permethrin.

When to treat:

Spray for adults starting mid-May through early June, 350-600 GDD. Foliar applications for larvae (acetamiprid, imidacloprid, malathion, diazinon, dimethoate) early to midsummer, 1200-2400 GDD. Direct applications to underside of foliage. Imidacloprid soil application in very early spring, early June or late summer/fall.

IPM considerations:

Use resistant cultivars such as 'Vardar Valley' or 'Handsworthiensis.' A list with others can be found at https://ccesuffolk.org/agriculture/commercial-horticulture or https://hdl.handle.net/1813/56366.2 . Most cultivars of Buxus sempervirens and B. microphylla are susceptible.

Boxwood mite (229), Eurytetranychus buxi (spider mite)

Plant abnormalities:

Foliage with yellow to bronze stipple, premature leaf drop.

Management options:

Few parasites. Abamectin, bifenazate, bifenthrin, dimethoate, fenazaquin, fenpyroximate, fluvalinate, hexythiazox, horticultural oil, insecticidal soap, malathion, neem oil.

When to treat:

Horticultural oil for eggs at spring dormant. First two weeks in May, 245-600 GDD.

IPM considerations:

Japanese boxwood appears to be less susceptible.

Boxwood psyllid (137), Psylla buxi

Plant abnormalities:

Upward cupped leaves.

Management options:

Acetamiprid, bifenthrin (*^FTalstar S, *Talstar P, *^FOnyxPro, *Baseline), carbaryl, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, flupyradifurone (foliar spray or container drench), horticultural oil, imidacloprid (soil drench or injection (not on Long Island)), insecticidal soap, spirotetramat (Kontos).

When to treat:

Horticultural oil for eggs at spring dormant. Spray mid- to late May, 290-440 GDD, PPI-Laburnum alpinum, ruby horsechestnut.

IPM considerations:

Leaf symptom remains for about two years. English boxwood is less severely attacked and damage is often ignored. Other cultivars noted as partially resistant include B. x 'Glencoe' ('Chicagoland Green'), B. microphylla 'Arborescens' and hybrids 'Green Mountain' and 'Green Velvet.' B. microphylla 'Sunnyside,' B. sinica var. insularis 'Winter Beauty,' and hybrids 'Green Mound' and 'Green Gem' are less preferred.

Broad mite (NA), Polyphagotarsonemus latus (tarsonemid mite)

Plant abnormalities:

Stunted, deformed terminal leaves and flower buds; bronzed cupped foliage.

Management options:

Not all miticides labeled or effective. Abamectin, fenazaquin, fenpyroximate, pyridaben.

When to treat:

As damage is observed, usually from late spring on.

IPM considerations:

Broad mites have a wide host range and injury may be easily mistaken for disease or other problems. The mites are very difficult to see without magnification. Check youngest growth for mites and/or eggs to confirm.

Bronze birch borer (128), Agrilus anxius (beetle, flatheaded borer)

Plant abnormalities:

Bleeding trunk, swollen areas on trunk, twig dieback, chlorotic leaves and sparse foliage.

Management options:

No effective parasites or predators under urban conditions. Acetamiprid (8.5SL, trunk spray or injection), bifenthrin (*^FOnyxPro, *Talstar P, *Baseline), emamectin benzoate, imidacloprid (soil drench or injection (not on Long Island)), permethrin.

When to treat:

Bark sprays June, 440-880 GDD, PPI-Kousa dogwood, Philadelphus. Emamectin benzoate trunk injection mid- to late May. Imidacloprid soil application around mid-June has worked well.

IPM considerations:

Keep trees growing vigorously. Protect from foliage pests. Some birch species are resistant (https://hdl.handle.net/1813/56365.2). Adults begin to emerge in early June.

Calico scale (169), Eulecanium cerasorum (soft scale)

Plant abnormalities:

Sooty mold, large scales encrusting twigs or young trunks. Severe infestations can lead to leaf drop, dieback, or winterkill.

Management options:

Birds and some parasitoid wasps help control. Acephate, acetamiprid (8.5SL, basal trunk spray or injection), carbaryl, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, diazinon, horticultural oil, imidacloprid (soil application), insecticidal soap, lambda-cyhalothrin, neem oil, pyriproxyfen (Distance, Defiance), spirotetramat (Kontos spray, container drench). Imidacloprid soil applications are suggested timed in early spring or late fall.

When to treat:

Mid-April to early May for dormant (oil) treatment, 35-145 GDD. Midsummer sprays for crawlers.

IPM considerations:

Hosts include ornamental stone fruit, Persian walnut, elm, zelkova, maple, pyracantha, pear, Liquidambar spp., Boston ivy, Virginia creeper, redbud, magnolia, Carpinus, dogwood, buckeye, wisteria, honeylocust, Sophora japonica, flowering crabapple. Brush scales off where practical.

Cankerworms (63, 64), Alsophila pometaria, Paleacrita vernata (moths)

Plant abnormalities:

Shredded leaves; inchworms suspended from foliage.

Management options:

There are important egg and larval parasites. Pesticides sprayed to rapidly growing foliage will not provide adequate control. Acephate, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and aizawai,

There are important egg and larval parasites. Pesticides sprayed to rapidly growing foliage will not provide adequate control. Acephate, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and aizawai, bifenthrin, carbaryl, chlorantraniliprole (1.67SC, spray), cryolite (Kryocide), cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, diflubenzuron, fluvalinate, indoxacarb, lambda-cyhalothrin. permethrin, phosmet (spring cankerworm), spinosad.

When to treat:

Last three weeks of May, 148-290 GDD, PPI-Tatarian honeysuckle, ruby horsechestnut.

IPM considerations:

Young larvae are dispersed by wind currents. Eggs may be killed by horticultural oil sprayed to trunk and branches. See also Linden looper.

Cherry and hawthorn leafminer (86), Profenusa canadensis (sawfly)

Plant abnormalities:

Leafminer blotches on distal half of leaf.

Management options:

Two wasp parasite species often provide control. Abamectin, bifenthrin, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, emamectin benzoate, imidacloprid (soil drench or injection (not on Long Island)), permethrin.

When to treat:

Foliar sprays last two weeks of May, first two weeks of June, 295-610 GDD, PPI-Tatarian honeysuckle, ruby horsechestnut. Imidacloprid soil application late fall or early spring.

IPM considerations:

Crataegus mollis rarely mined. Leaves should be fully expanded before pesticide application.

Clover mite (228), Bryobia praetiosa

Plant abnormalities:

Leaves appear bronzish or silvery.

Management options:

Many predators. Most important pesticide applications are made early in the season. Abamectin, bifenazate, bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, diazinon, fluvalinate, horticultural oil, insecticidal soap, neem oil.

When to treat:

Mid- to late May, 192-298 GDD, PPI-redbud, Laburnum alpinum.

IPM considerations:

The clover mite, as now understood, is a species complex. Some species feed on grasses; others feed on woody ornamental plants. Many generations occur each year.

Cooley spruce gall adelgid (49), Adelges cooleyi

Plant abnormalities:

Pineapple-shaped galls at tip of spruce shoot, crooked needles on Douglas-fir.

Management options:

No effective parasites. Some trees are resistant to adelgids. Acetamiprid, carbaryl, cyantraniliprole (drench), cyclaniliprole, horticultural oil, imidacloprid (foliar spray or soil application), insecticidal soap, spirotetramat, thiamethoxam (25WG, Christmas trees only).

When to treat:

Spruce: Mid- to late April, 22-81 GDD, PPI-Japanese quince. Again in mid-September, 1850-1950 GDD, PPI-Hydrangea paniculata. Douglas-fir: early May, 120-190 GDD. Again from late July to early August, 1500-1775 GDD. Imidacloprid soil application late fall or early spring.

IPM considerations:

On small spruce, prune out galls before July and bury or burn them. To help prevent galls on spruce, avoid planting near Douglas-fir. Best chemical control should be directed toward the overwintering stage. Whether on spruce or Douglas-fir, do not fertilize infested trees. Addition of 1% oil to carbaryl enhances control on Douglas-fir. When using oil on Douglas-fir, apply immediately before budbreak; later applications may result in greater phytotoxicity. In some trials 1-2 percent oil applied during late-dormant stage has caused yellowing to foliage.

Cottony camellia scale-see Cottony taxus scale

Cottony maple scales (162, 163), Pulvinaria innumerabilis and P. acericola (soft scales)

Plant abnormalities:

Honeydew and sooty mold on leaves of branches, twig dieback, premature loss of foliage. Cottony egg masses on twigs (P. innumerabilis) or under leaves (P. acericola).

Management options:

Several effective parasites and predators, including lady beetles. Acephate, acetamiprid (trunk spray or injection), carbaryl, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, diazinon, flonicamid, horticultural oil, imidacloprid (soil injection (not on Long Island), insecticidal soap, lambda-

cyhalothrin, neem oil, pyriproxyfen (Distance, Defiance), spirotetramat (Kontos spray, container drench).

When to treat:

Spring dormant with oil. Late June and July, 802-1265 GDD for crawlers. PPI-Philadelphus, Tilia cordata. Fall or early spring soil treatment with imidacloprid has been effective for some soft scales.

IPM considerations:

Cottony maple scale (P. innumerabilis) favors soft maples (e.g., silver), but it and cottony maple leaf scale (P. acericola) have a wide host range. Both overwinter on bark. Maples sensitive to oil should not be treated during the dormant season. One treatment with good coverage should be adequate.

Cottony taxus scale (164), Chloropulvinaria floccifera (soft scale)

Plant abnormalities:

Honeydew and sooty mold, off-color, light green foliage, white ovisacs attached to underside of needles.

Management options:

Parasites are not effective for control purposes. Acephate, acetamiprid (8.5SL, trunk spray or injection), carbaryl, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, diazinon, dimethoate (holly), flonicamid, horticultural oil, imidacloprid (soil drench or injection (not on Long Island)), insecticidal soap, lambda-cyhalothrin, malathion, neem oil, pyriproxyfen (Distance, Defiance), spirotetramat (Kontos spray, container drench).

When to treat:

April, 7-91 GDD. Spray for crawlers from late June to mid-July, 802-1388 GDD. PPI-Philadelphus, Clematis jackmanii. Thoroughly treat underside of foliage.

IPM considerations:

Oil can be used for dormant and verdant sprays. Hosts include camellia, holly, hydrangea, Japanese maple, euonymus, magnolia, and Callicarpa americana. Also known as cottony camellia scale. Wash off scales with a strong jet of water.

Cryptomeria scale (NA**), Aspidiotus cryptomeriae (armored scale)

Plant abnormalities:

Yellowing and spotting on foliage, needle drop.

Management options:

No effective parasites or predators. Acephate, acetamiprid (8.5SL, trunk spray or injection), carbaryl, cyfluthrin, dimethoate (hemlock only), flonicamid, horticultural oil, insecticidal soap, lambda-cyhalothrin, neem oil, pyriproxyfen (Distance, Defiance), spirotetramat (Movento, Christmas trees only; Kontos spray, container drench for nursery ornamentals).

When to treat:

Early to mid-June (1^st generation crawlers appear around 600-800 GDD), again in mid-August (2^nd generation crawlers emerge 1750-2130 GDD).

IPM considerations:

True firs (e.g. balsam, Fraser) can be severely affected; other hosts include Cedrus, Cephalotaxus, Chamaecyparis, Cryptomeria, Keteleeria, Picea, Pinus, Pseudotsuga, and Tsuga. Two generations a year in southeast NY, overwinters as 2^nd instars. Period of crawler emergence may last several weeks, so 2-3 applications at 7-10 day intervals may be needed for each crawler generation especially if infestation is heavy.

Dogwood borer (123), Synanthedon scitula (moth, clearwing borer)

Plant abnormalities:

Brown frass around bark cracks and wounds, dead branches, adventitious growth.

Management options:

No effective parasites or predators. Abamectin trunk injection (Abacide, *Abacide Hp), bifenthrin (*^FOnyxPro, *Baseline), chlorantraniliprole (1.67SC, bark application), cyantraniliprole (bark application), emamectin benzoate, permethrin.

When to treat:

Mid-May to mid-June, 148-700 GDD (borers in bark), PPI-Cercis, Philadelphus. On crabapple, spray mid-July to early August. Pheromone lure traps useful to determine spray timing: treat 10 days after first moth is trapped and again after six weeks if moths continue to be trapped.

IPM considerations:

Other hosts include Betula, Malus, Myrica, Sorbus, Quercus, Castanea, blueberry and others. Keep trees growing vigorously. Include trunk and lower branches with bark spray. Pesticides control adults. Paint fresh bark wounds with white latex paint. Kousa dogwood appears to be resistant.

Dogwood sawfly (55), Macremphytus tarsatus

Plant abnormalities:

Skeletonized leaves at first, followed by loss of all of leaf except midvein.

Management options:

No consistently effective parasites or predators. Acephate, carbaryl, chlorantraniliprole^##, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, diflubenzuron, gamma-cyhalothrin, emamectin benzoate, imidacloprid, spinosad.

^##2(ee) recommendation of Acelepryn for use on unlabeled pest dogwood sawfly. The 2(ee) recommendation must be in the applicator's possession at the time of use. See 2(ee) at extapps.dec.ny.gov/nyspad/products.

When to treat:

Spray anytime in July, 1151-1500 GDD, PPI-Ceanothus americanus, Abelia.

IPM considerations:

Often feed in groups; remove by hand where practical.

Douglas-fir needle midge (15), Contarinia pseudotsugae

Plant abnormalities:

Needles may have slight swelling with yellow or purplish discoloration, tips may turn brown.

Management options:

Bifenthrin (*^FOnyxPro, *Baseline); Christmas trees only: acephate, thiamethoxam (25WG).

When to treat:

Time applications within a week after first adults are detected in traps. Traps are set prior to budbreak in spring. In central Pennsylvania, adults were found active around 200-400 GDD

IPM considerations:

See online at ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/19004/ec1373-e.pdf for more information on pest biology and trap construction.

Eastern spruce gall adelgid (50), Adelges abietis

Plant abnormalities:

Gall at the base of new shoots, especially on Norway & Serbian spruce.

Management options:

No effective parasites or predators. Acetamiprid, carbaryl, cyantraniliprole (drench), cyclaniliprole, horticultural oil, imidacloprid (soil or foliar application), insecticidal soap, spirotetramat, thiamethoxam (25WG, Christmas trees only).

When to treat:

Sprays mid-April to early May, 22-170 GDD, PPI-boxelder, periwinkle, or fall after egg hatch. Soil application late fall or early spring.

IPM considerations:

Pesticides work best in the spring. Late-summer treatment must be timed to the emergence of adult adelgids from the summer galls. Prune out and destroy green galls. Colorado blue, Engelmann, black, white and red spruces sometimes affected.

Eastern tent caterpillar (76), Malacosoma americanum (moth)

Plant abnormalities:

Chewed leaves, branch defoliation; webs usually formed in branch crotches.

Management options:

Parasites usually effective, but there are occasional outbreaks or spot infestations. Acephate (for flowering crabapples only), azadirachtin, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and aizawai, bifenthrin, carbaryl, chlorantraniliprole (1.67SC, spray), cryolite, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, diazinon, diflubenzuron, emamectin benzoate, fluvalinate, gamma-cyhalothrin, indoxacarb, insecticidal soap, lambda-cyhalothrin, malathion, permethrin, phosmet, spinosad.

When to treat:

Late April through first two weeks of May, 90-190 GDD, PPI-Japanese quince.

IPM considerations:

Survey ornamental host trees after leaves drop to find egg masses. Prune off or remove egg masses by early spring. Eggs hatch when wild cherry leaves begin to unfold; remove and destroy tents containing caterpillars during the day. Favored hosts include apple, crabapple, and cherry.

Elm bark beetles (116), Scolytus multistriatus (smaller European EBB), Hylurgopinus rufipes (native EBB) (scolytid bark beetles)

Plant abnormalities:

Terminals wilt and turn yellow; dieback; galleries under bark.

Management options:

No effective parasites. Bifenthrin (*^FOnyxPro, *Talstar P, *Baseline), carbaryl, permethrin.

When to treat:

Spray twigs and crotches one to four years old and those cut or broken: April, 7-120 GDD, again in mid-July. Include large branches and trunk if native EBB is a concern.

IPM considerations:

Although both species can vector Dutch elm disease, S. multistriatus is usually more important and prefers open-grown trees in parks, along streets, and in yards. It has two generations and a smaller third one in New York. Adults present mid-May to mid-July, late July to late August, and

late September to late October. Beetles prefer to feed in upper crown at crotches of rapidly growing twigs at least one year old, attacking healthy as well as diseased elms. Breeding beetles will attack trees with recently pruned or broken branches, or those under stress such as from drought. Hydraulic application has been more effective than mist blower. Infested trees should be destroyed before beetles emerge. Pheromone traps can be used to indicate beetle emergence. Water and fertilize to keep elms healthy. Trees showing symptoms of Dutch elm disease should be treated immediately. See the Disease Control section for important management guidelines and disease-resistant elms

Elm casebearer (85), Coleophora ulmifoliella (moth)

Plant abnormalities:

Brown tube-like cases on underside of leaves. Small blotch mines in leaves.

Management options:

No effective parasites. Chlorantraniliprole (1.67SC, spray), cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, indoxacarb.

When to treat:

Late May to early June, 300-533 GDD, PPI-Tatarian honeysuckle, Kousa dogwood.

IPM considerations:

First-instar larva is a leafminer.

Elm leaf aphid (NA), Tinocallis ulmifolii

Plant abnormalities:

Sooty mold on leaves and twigs of American elm. Leaves may yellow and drop early.

Management options:

No effective parasites. Acephate, acetamiprid, bifenthrin, carbaryl, cyfluthrin, diazinon, flonicamid, fluvalinate, horticultural oil, imidacloprid, malathion, neem oil, spirotetramat.

When to treat:

Sprays mid-June through July, 710-1500 GDD, PPI-Japanese tree lilac, golden rain tree. Imidacloprid soil application late fall or early spring.

IPM considerations:

?

Elm leaf beetle (103), Pyrrhalta luteola (chrysomelid or leaf-feeding beetle)

Plant abnormalities:

Skeletonized leaves.

Management options:

Parasites and predators not abundant enough to provide control. Abamectin (trunk injection), acephate, bifenthrin, carbaryl, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, dimethoate (soil injection), fluvalinate, gamma-cyhalothrin, imidacloprid (foliar or soil application), lambda-cyhalothrin, spinosad.

When to treat:

Late May through June, 363-530 GDD, PPI-ruby horsechestnut, Philadelphus. Apply Btt for control of larvae after most egg masses have hatched. Imidocloprid soil application late fall or early spring.

IPM considerations:

Elm species differ in their suitability as food for elm leaf beetle. Also feeds on Zelkova. Adults overwinter in buildings and under loose bark.

Elm leafminer (85), Fenusa ulmi (sawfly)

Plant abnormalities:

Elongate, interveinal blotch leaf mines.

Management options:

Few known parasites or predators. Abamectin, bifenthrin, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, emamectin benzoate, imidacloprid (soil drench or injection (not on Long Island)), permethrin.

When to treat:

Foliar sprays mid-May to early June, 263-530 GDD, PPI-ruby horsechestnut, cranberry bush. Imidacloprid soil treatment late fall or early spring.

IPM considerations:

Attacks Scots, Camperdown, English, and American elms.

Elongate hemlock scale (45**), Fiorinia externa (armored scale)

Plant abnormalities:

Yellow needles, premature needle drop.

Management options:

Several parasites and predators provide limited control: Acephate, acetamiprid (8.5SL, trunk spray or injection), carbaryl, cyfluthrin, dimethoate, dinotefuran (Safari 20SG^## or *Transtect^##, bark application only), flonicamid, horticultural oil, insecticidal soap, lambda-cyhalothrin, neem oil, pyriproxyfen (Distance, Defiance), spirotetramat (Movento, Christmas trees only; Kontos spray, container drench for nursery ornamentals).

^##24(c) Special Local Need registration. Label can be found at extapps.dec.ny.gov/nyspad/ products.

When to treat:

April for dormant (oil) treatments, 7-120 GDD. Late May through mid-June for crawler treatment, 360-700 GDD, PPI-Tatarian honeysuckle, beautybush.

IPM considerations:

Oil can be used for a dormant or verdant treatment. Wind blows crawlers to other trees. Other hosts include spruce, fir and yew, pine, Douglas-fir, and cedar. Nitrogen fertilization seems to contribute to pest population increase on hemlock. See also hemlock scale.

Emerald ash borer (NA), Agrilus planipennis (beetle, flatheaded borer)

Plant abnormalities:

Canopy dieback, epicormic shoots on trunk, woodpecker damage.

Management options:

Systemic trunk spray, soil application, or trunk injection: Azadirachtin (trunk injection), dinotefuran (Safari 20SG^## or *Transtect^## basal trunk spray on ash only), emamectin benzoate, imidacloprid (trunk injection, soil drench or injection (not on Long Island)). Non-systemic bark and/or canopy sprays for adults: bifenthrin (*^FOnyxPro, *Talstar P, *Baseline), cyfluthin, permethrin, spinosad.

^##24(c) based on special local need. NY SLN label can be found online at extapps.dec.ny.gov/nyspad/products.

When to treat:

Trunk injection or systemic trunk spray: apply mid-May to early June post-bloom and soon after full canopy development. Soil application: Early April to early May for large (>15" DBH) trees; May for smaller trees. Bark/canopy sprays for adults: Make two applications around 1 month apart or per label starting at adult emergence, which begins around black locust bloom (450-550 GDD).

IPM considerations:

Fraxinus and Chionanthus are the only known larval hosts in NE US. If using imidacloprid, highest application rate (2.8 g ai/inch DBH) is suggested when applying in fall and will be more effective especially on larger (>15" DBH) trees. Alternatively, make two applications per year (e.g. fall, spring) or as labels allow. Spring applications with imidacloprid have been more effective than fall; allow 4-6 weeks for uptake. Use adequate water to move material into roots when applying soil drench. For imidacloprid soil injection (except in Nassau and Suffolk Counties), place no deeper than 4" and within 18" of trunk. Basal bark sprays with dinotefuran provide relatively more rapid uptake but imidacloprid and dinotefuran treatment appear to be effective for only one year, so annual re-treatment is needed in areas where infestations are active. Emamectin benzoate trunk injection can provide at least 2 years' protection. See www.emeraldashborer.info for detailed guide Insecticide Options for Protecting Ash Trees.

Eriophyid mites (54, 231-5), various species

Plant abnormalities

Varies with host and species: galls on deciduous foliage, russetting, bronzing, or chlorosis, dead and/or enlarged buds, twisted or stunted growth, shoot proliferation.

Management options:

Some natural enemies known for a few species but little studied for most. See entries for particular species. Abamectin, carbaryl, fenazaquin, fenpyroximate, fluvalinate, horticultural oil. Combinations of carbaryl and oil have been effective against some species on conifers. Good coverage is important; observe label precautions to avoid plant damage.

When to treat:

Depends on species. Applications should be made when mites are likely to be most exposed. On pines, treat as candles begin to elongate and before needles expand. Addition of oil or adjuvant may improve control. Fall application with carbaryl when no frost expected for 24 hr. has provided good control in some cases.

IPM considerations:

Damage may resemble disease, insect injury, or other problem. Most miticides are not effective against eriophyid mites. Prune off or remove infested growth where practical. On some plants injury may not be noticeable or affect aesthetic value. Mites in galls will not be affected by application. See Rust mites and entries for particular species.

Euonymus scale (186**), Unaspis euonymi (armored scale)

Plant abnormalities:

Yellow spots on leaves, scurfy material on twigs and leaves, dieback, distorted bark.

Management options:

Effective predators and parasites exist. Acephate, acetamiprid (8.5SL, trunk spray or injection), carbaryl, cyfluthrin, dimethoate (euonymus only), flonicamid, horticultural oil, insecticidal soap, lambda-cyhalothrin, malathion, neem oil, pyriproxyfen, spirotetramat (Kontos spray, container drench).

When to treat:

Mid-April to early May for dormant (oil) treatment, 35-120 GDD. For crawlers, early June, 533-820 GDD, PPI-kousa dogwood, mt. laurel. Again in mid-July, 1150-1388 GDD, PPI-Abelia. Crawler applications are most effective.

IPM considerations:

Recommend resistant euonymus species (https://hdl.handle.net/1813/56369.2). Eggs begin to hatch in early June. Other hosts include holly, bittersweet, and pachysandra. A predatory ladybeetle (Chilocorus kuwanae) has been introduced.

European elm scale (176), Gossyparia spuria (felt scale)

Plant abnormalities:

Honeydew and sooty mold, premature leaf drop and yellowing of foliage, dieback.

Management options:

Beneficials usually control this scale. Acephate, acetamiprid (8.5SL, trunk spray or injection), carbaryl, cyfluthrin, horticultural oil, insecticidal soap, lambda-cyhalothrin, neem oil, pyriproxyfen (Distance, Defiance), spirotetramat (Kontos spray, container drench).

When to treat:

Early April for dormant (oil) treatments. July, 1029-1388 GDD, PPI-Clematis jackmanii, golden rain tree.

IPM considerations:

Oil can also be used while scale is on foliage. Rarely found on hackberry and Zelkova.

European fruit lecanium (174), Parthenolecanium corni (soft scale)

Plant abnormalities:

Honeydew and sooty mold, dead twigs. Usually two- to three-year-old twigs attacked.

Management options:

Many effective parasites. Acephate, acetamiprid (8.5SL, trunk spray or injection), carbaryl, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, diazinon, flonicamid, horticultural oil, insecticidal soap, imidacloprid (soil application), neem oil, pyriproxyfen (Distance, Defiance), spirotetramat (Kontos spray, container drench).

When to treat:

Mid-April to early May for dormant (oil) treatment, 35-145 GDD. Last three weeks of July for foliage treatment, 1266-1645 GDD, PPI-Abelia, golden rain tree. March or summer imidacloprid soil treatment may be effective.

IPM considerations:

Avoid killing parasites; thorough scouting required. Oil can be used as both a dormant and a verdant treatment; avoid treating open flowers. Summer treatments kill crawlers and settled crawlers. Eggs hatch in late June. Populations may increase to high levels then decrease suddenly after two or more years. Wide host range.

European hornet (238), Vespa crabro germana (wasp)

Plant abnormalities:

Loss of bark, sometimes girdled.

Management options:

Not controllable with parasites. Cyfluthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin.

When to treat:

Mid-July through August, 1388-2271 GDD, PPI-Abelia, butterfly bush.

IPM considerations:

Injury usually occurs in late summer. Occasional injury to lilac, rhododendron, willow, boxwood, mt. ash, poplar, and birch. Scouting required. Insecticides are labeled for ornamental areas, areas near buildings and/or outside surfaces. See labels for further information. Eliminate nearby nests.

European pine sawfly (2), Neodiprion sertifer

Plant abnormalities:

Defoliates old needles only, leaving stubs behind.

Management options:

Polyhedral virus and several insect parasites. Acephate, acetamiprid, azadirachtin, bifenthrin, carbaryl, chlorantraniliprole^##, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, esfenvalerate, emamectin benzoate, gamma-cyhalothrin, imidacloprid, indoxacarb, lambda-cyhalothrin, spinosad, thiamethoxam (25WG, Christmas trees only).

^##2(ee) recommendation of Acelepryn for use on unlabeled pest European pine sawfly. The 2(ee) recommendation must be in the applicator's possession at the time of use. See 2(ee) at extapps.dec.ny.gov/nyspad/products.

When to treat:

Late April to mid-May, 78-220 GDD, PPI-Japanese quince, bridal wreath spirea.

IPM considerations:

Feed in colonies often allowing for spot treatments. Handpick and destroy small populations. Losses primarily in short terminal growth. See also Pine sawflies.

European pine shoot moth (17,18), Rhyacionia buoliana

Plant abnormalities:

Damaged or killed buds and shoots.

Management options:

Many effective parasites that may keep the population in check. Carbaryl, cyfluthrin, diazinon, diflubenzuron, esfenvalerate, imidacloprid (soil drench or injection (not on Long Island)), gamma-cyhalothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, malathion, phosmet.

When to treat:

Last three weeks of April, 34-121 GDD, PPI-boxelder, star magnolia. Again in late June, 480-710 GDD. Imidacloprid soil application late fall or early spring.

IPM considerations:

Pheromone traps useful for monitoring. Prune out and destroy dead buds and dying shoots by early June.

European red mite (228), Panonychus ulmi (spider mite)

Plant abnormalities:

Discolored, often bronzed, foliage.

Management options:

Several effective predators. Acequinocyl, abamectin, bifenazate, bifenthrin, clofentezine, diazinon, fluvalinate, fenazaquin, fenpropathrin, fenpyroximate, hexythiazox, horticultural oil, insecticidal soap, neem oil, pyridaben.

When to treat:

Dormant (oil) treatment throughout April, 7-58 GDD. Late May through June, repeat as needed at 10-day intervals, 240-810 GDD, PPI-ruby horsechestnut, Laburnum alpinum.

IPM considerations:

The phytoseiid mite predator Amblyseius fallacis has the potential of providing biological control. Do not spray routinely for spider mites.

Fall webworm (75), Hyphantria cunea (moth)

Plant abnormalities:

Large webs, usually at branch ends encircling shoot, twigs, and shredded leaves.

Management options:

Effective egg and larval parasites. Abamectin (trunk injection), acephate, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and aizawai, bifenthrin, chlorantraniliprole (1.67SC, spray), cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, diazinon, diflubenzuron, emamectin benzoate, gamma-cyhalothrin, indoxacarb, lambda-cyhalothrin, spinosad.

When to treat:

Mid-July through mid-August, 1266-1795 GDD, PPI-Abelia, butterfly bush.

IPM considerations:

A late-season pest mostly of visual concern. Cut out and destroy nests.

Fletcher scale (42), Parthenolecanium fletcheri (soft scale)

Plant abnormalities:

Honeydew and sooty mold, unthrifty plants, needle yellowing, premature needle drop.

Management options:

Several effective parasites. Acephate, acetamiprid (8.5SL, trunk spray or injection), carbaryl, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, diazinon, dimethoate (on Taxus only), flonicamid, horticultural oil, insecticidal soap, lambda-cyhalothrin, malathion, neem oil, pyriproxyfen (Distance, Defiance), spirotetramat (Kontos spray, container drench).

When to treat:

Late April (overwintered nymphs), 38-148 GDD, PPI-boxelder, periwinkle. First half of July (crawlers), 1029-1388 GDD. Again in first half of September (crawlers), 2515-2800 GDD.

IPM considerations:

Protect the parasites. Dormant (oil) treatment is best. Depending on host, crawlers begin to emerge in late June. Hosts include yew, juniper, arborvitae, and hemlock.

Forest tent caterpillar (76), Malacosoma disstria (moth)

Plant abnormalities:

Defoliated or partially defoliated trees.

Management options:

Parasites often abundant. Several microorganisms are effective control agents. Acephate, azadirachtin, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and aizawai, bifenthrin, carbaryl, chlorantraniliprole (1.67SC, spray), cryolite, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, diazinon, diflubenzuron, emamectin benzoate, fluvalinate, gamma-cyhalothrin, indoxacarb, insecticidal soap, lambda-cyhalothrin, malathion, permethrin, spinosad.

When to treat:

Mid- to late May, 192-363 GDD, PPI-redbud, Tatarian honeysuckle.

IPM considerations:

Cyclic populations bring on severe defoliation. Prune off or remove egg masses by early spring. Active about two weeks later than eastern tent; egg hatch timed around budbreak of sugar maple. Many deciduous hosts. Does not make large webs.

Fruittree leafroller (78, 99), Archips argyrospila (moth)

Plant abnormalities:

Shredded, tattered, and rolled leaves.

Management options:

Important egg and pupal parasites exist. Acephate, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and aizawai, bifenthrin, carbaryl, chlorantraniliprole (1.67SC, spray), cryolite (Kryocide), cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, gamma-cyhalothrin, horticultural oil, indoxacarb, permethrin, spinosad.

When to treat:

Late May to early June, 300-618 GDD, PPI-ruby horsechestnut, Kousa dogwood.

IPM considerations:

Larvae make use of silk to construct shelters and avoid predators. Pheromone traps useful for monitoring. Wide host range; most favored are apple, birch, oak, hawthorn, cherry, and plum.

Golden oak scale (168), Asterolecanium variolosum (pit scale)

Plant abnormalities:

Dead twigs, pitted bark of twigs; delayed leafing out in spring.

Management options:

Role of parasites unknown. Acephate, carbaryl, cyfluthrin, dimethoate, horticultural oil, insecticidal soap, lambda-cyhalothrin, pyriproxyfen (Distance, Defiance).

When to treat:

April for dormant (oil) treatment, 7-121 GDD, PPI-boxelder. Last 10 days of June through first 10 days of July, 802-1266 GDD, PPI-Rhododendron maximum, Clematis x jackmanii.

IPM considerations:

Crawlers begin to appear around mid-June and colonize current-season shoots and one-year-old twigs. Infestations are sometimes associated with anthracnose, especially on white oaks.

Greenstriped mapleworm (NA), Dryocampa rubicunda (moth)

Plant abnormalities:

Defoliated or partially defoliated trees.

Management options:

Parasites are not effective for control. Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and aizawai, bifenthrin, carbaryl, chlorantraniliprole (1.67SC, spray), cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, fluvalinate, indoxacarb, permethrin, spinosad.

When to treat:

As needed in June and July, 533-1645 GDD, PPI-Japanese tree lilac, Tilia cordata.

IPM considerations:

Attacks various maples and sometimes oaks. Lower branches are often affected.

Gypsy moth (see spongy moth)

Hackberry psylla (218), Pachypsylla spp.

Plant abnormalities:

Galls on foliage.

Management options:

Important wasp parasites. Carbaryl, dimethoate (soil injection), horticultural oil, imidacloprid, insecticidal soap, spirotetramat (Kontos).

When to treat:

May, 148-448 GDD, PPI-saucer magnolia, flowering dogwood.

IPM considerations:

Adults may become a problem on cars and in buildings. Overwinter as adults.

Hawthorn leafmining sawfly (see Cherry and hawthorn leafminer)

Hemlock looper (5), Lambdina fiscellaria (moth)

Plant abnormalities:

Partially consumed needles, brown needles, defoliation or partial defoliation.

Management options:

Several effective parasites and microbial diseases. Acetamiprid, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and aizawai, bifenthrin, chlorantraniliprole (1.67SC, spray), cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, diflubenzuron, fluvalinate, indoxacarb, permethrin, spinosad.

When to treat:

June, 448-707 GDD, PPI-Kousa dogwood, mt. laurel.

IPM considerations:

Outbreaks can persist for several years and are difficult to predict. Hosts also include fir, larch, spruce, arborvitae, and deciduous trees.

Hemlock rust mite (54), Nalepella tsugifolia (eriophyid mite)

Plant abnormalities:

Off-color, yellowish foliage, needle drop.

Management options:

No information about predators. Abamectin, carbaryl, dimethoate, fenazaquin, fenpyroximate, horticultural oil, neem oil.

When to treat:

Late March through May, 7-450 GDD.

IPM considerations:

Easy to control with pesticides; monitor first to verify infestation. Populations may increase quickly or linger into summer if conditions are cool and dry. For rust mite scouting guidelines in Christmas trees, see Rust Mites in Christmas Trees (CTN 034) at www.ces.ncsu.edu/fletcher/ programs/xmas/ctnotes/ctn034.html.

Hemlock scale (44**), Abgrallaspis ithacae (armored scale)

Plant abnormalities:

Yellowish foliage, followed by premature needle drop.

Management options:

Parasites usually keep this scale in check. Acephate, acetamiprid (8.5SL, trunk spray or injection), carbaryl, cyfluthrin, dimethoate, flonicamid, horticultural oil, insecticidal soap, lambda-cyhalothrin, neem oil, spirotetramat (Movento, Christmas trees only; Kontos spray, container drench for nursery ornamentals).

When to treat:

Dormant (oil) treatment in late April, 35-121 GDD. Mid-July to mid-August, 1388-2154 GDD, PPI-Abelia, false spirea.

IPM considerations:

Easy to confuse with another hemlock scale, Nuculaspis tsugae. Also reported on spruce, fir, pine, and Douglas-fir. Second instars overwinter. See also elongate hemlock scale.

Hemlock woolly adelgid (32), Adelges tsugae

Plant abnormalities:

Cottony sacs attached to twigs, premature leaf drop, dieback.

Management options:

No effective parasites. Systemic basal trunk spray, soil application, or trunk injection: Acetamiprid (trunk spray or injection), cyantraniliprole (drench), cyclaniliprole, dinotefuran (*Zylam^##, *Safari 20SG^##, or *Transtect^## basal trunk spray only), imidacloprid (soil application, trunk injection, or [*Merit 2F^# and *Primeraone Imidacloprid 2F^# only] basal bark spray). Canopy sprays: fluvalinate, horticultural oil, imidacloprid, insecticidal soap, spirotetramat (Kontos spray, container drench), thiamethoxam (25WG, Christmas trees only).

^#2(ee) recommendation. ^##24(c) Special Local Need registration. 2(ee) and 24(c) labels can be found at extapps.dec.ny.gov/nyspad/products.

When to treat:

Dormant application with horticultural oil. Foliar sprays late April to early May, PPI-Japanese quince. Again in mid-July, PPI-golden rain tree. GDD not available. Fall and spring soil applications with imidacloprid have been effective. Addition of adjuvant will improve penetration and coverage when using foliar sprays. Basal trunk spray or trunk injection: April to November, when conditions are favorable (see below); Fall and spring imidacloprid trunk injections have worked well though efficacy may take several months to a year to be apparent.

IPM considerations:

Do not apply nitrogen fertilizer to infested hemlocks. Western hemlocks appear to be resistant. Foliar application may not be as effective against egg stage in June. Systemic treatments best when soil conditions are favorable for translocation to foliage (high relative humidity with soil temperatures above 41°F and with adequate moisture). Soil application with imidacloprid may provide 2+ years' control in some cases. For imidacloprid trunk injection use higher rates if applying to larger (~>22" dbh) and/or more heavily infested trees. Expect faster control for basal trunk application with dinotefuran (in 3-6 wk) especially for trees with heavy infestation showing damage.

Hickory leaf stem gall phylloxera (222), Phylloxera caryaecaulis

Plant abnormalities:

Globose galls on shoot bark and leaf petioles.

Management options:

No information about parasite effectiveness. Horticultural oil.

When to treat:

Late April to mid-May, 91-246 GDD, PPI-periwinkle, Japanese quince. Apply oil as dormant treatment to control overwintering egg stage.

IPM considerations:

Control is often needed, but pest's presence is not life threatening. Prune off galls before adults emerge.

Holly leafminer (95), Phytomyza ilicis (fly)

Plant abnormalities:

Linear mines in leaves and feeding punctures, premature leaf drop.

Management options:

Parasites may control this pest. Bifenthrin, carbaryl, cyromazine, diazinon, dimethoate (English holly, not for Burford hollies), imidacloprid (soil drench or injection (not on Long Island)), permethrin.

When to treat:

Mid- to late May, 246-448 GDD, PPI-redbud, Laburnum alpinum. Soil treatments in mid-April to mid-May, 192-290 GDD.

IPM considerations:

Reproduces only on Ilex aquifolium. Pick and destroy mined leaves before May. See also Native holly leafminer.

Honeylocust plant bug (194), Diaphnocoris chlorionis

Plant abnormalities:

Tiny yellowish to brown spots in leaves, leaves showing distortion; defoliation.

Management options:

No effective parasites or predators. Abamectin trunk injection (Abacide, *Abacide Hp), bifenthrin, cyantraniliprole, cyfluthrin, emamectin benzoate, flonicamid, flupyradifurone (foliar spray or container drench), horticultural oil, lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin.

When to treat:

Late April through mid-May, 58-246 GDD, PPI-boxelder, saucer magnolia.

IPM considerations:

Cultivars vary in susceptibility; in one trial 'Skyline' and 'Halka' sustained far more injury than 'Summerlace'. A second found defoliation on 'Moraine' consistently higher than on 'Skyline' and 'Sunburst'.

Honeylocust pod gall midge (225), Dasineura gleditschiae (fly)

Plant abnormalities:

Leaves deformed in pod shape, some defoliation.

Management options:

No effective parasites. Carbaryl.

When to treat:

Mid-May, 192-229 GDD, PPI-redbud, flowering almond.

IPM considerations:

Eggs often laid on newly opening buds. Use sticky traps to monitor adults.

Honeylocust spider mite (228), Platytetranychus multidigituli

Plant abnormalities:

Stippled, yellow discoloration of leaflets, especially underside. Browning and dropping of leaflets.

Management options:

Predatory mites are usually active. Abamectin, bifenazate, bifenthrin, fenazaquin, fenpyroximate, fluvalinate, hexythiazox, horticultural oil, insecticidal soap, neem oil.

When to treat:

June, 912-1514 GDD. Late September to early October for overwintering mites on bark.

IPM considerations:

Adults overwinter in clusters in bark.

Honeysuckle aphid (149), Hyadaphis tataricae (also see aphids)

Plant abnormalities:

Witches'-brooms on new shoots, leaves distorted, folded, and dwarfed.

Management options:

Several predators, but not effective. Acephate, acetamiprid, bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, diazinon, dimethoate (soil injection), flonicamid, fluvalinate, horticultural oil, imidacloprid (foliar or soil application), malathion, permethrin, pymetrozine, spirotetramat.

When to treat:

April, GDD not available, PPI-silver maple, pussy willow. Make soil applications in very early spring. Do not use dimethoate on plants established less than 3 years.

IPM considerations:

To stop witches'-brooms, must apply treatment before foliage appears. Resistant honeysuckle cultivars are available. Prune off and destroy witches'-brooms.

Imported willow leaf beetle (106), Plagiodera versicolora (chrysomelid or leaf-feeding beetle)

Plant abnormalities:

Skeletonized and notched leaves.

Management options:

Several parasites. The pupal parasite is effective in population control. Bifenthrin, carbaryl, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, gamma-cyhalothrin, spinosad.

When to treat:

Last half of May and early June, 192-448 GDD. PPI-Tatarian honeysuckle, cranberry bush.

IPM considerations:

Avoid pesticide treatment during pupal stage.

Japanese beetle (110), Popillia japonica (scarab beetle, white grub)

Plant abnormalities:

Skeletonized foliage.

Management options:

Several parasites. For adults: acephate, bifenthrin, carbaryl, chlorantraniliprole^##, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, imidacloprid (soil drench or injection (not on Long Island)), gamma-cyhalothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, malathion, permethrin, phosmet, thiamethoxam (soil application, Christmas trees only). For foliar sprays, may need several applications. ^##2(ee) recommendation of Acelepryn for use on unlabeled pest Japanese beetle. The 2(ee) recommendation must be in the applicator's possession at the time of use. See 2(ee) at extapps.dec.ny.gov/nyspad/products.

When to treat:

July through mid-August, 1029-2154 GDD for foliar sprays. Imidacloprid soil application late fall or early spring (trees) or spring (shrubs).

IPM considerations:

See Oriental beetle for grub control. Pheromone and other attractants are available yet counterproductive unless used over a community-wide area. Tilia tomentosa is somewhat resistant (https://hdl.handle.net/1813/66894).

Japanese maple scale (NA**), Lopholeucaspis japonica(armored scale)

Plant abnormalities:

Yellowing foliage, dieback in heavy infestations; large numbers on bark and twigs.

Management options:

Acephate, acetamiprid (8.5SL, trunk spray or injection), bifenthrin, carbaryl, cyfluthrin, flonicamid, horticultural oil, insecticidal soap, lambda-cyhalothrin, neem oil, pyriproxyfen (Distance, Defiance), spirotetramat (Kontos spray, container drench).

When to treat:

Mid-April to early May for dormant (oil) treatment, 22-148 GDD, PPI-pussy willow. Late June to early July for first-generation crawlers, 816-1143 GDD, PPI-Chinese lilac, purple smoketree (Cotinus coggyria). Check for second-generation crawlers mid-September to early October, 2508-3022 GDD.

IPM considerations:

Populations can build to high levels on bark before noticed. Eggs likely begin to hatch about late June in SE NY but can occur over a long period (crawler timings are for initial and peak hatch), so multiple applications may be needed. One generation in Pennsylvania, possibly two in SE NY. Scales can also be physically removed with high-pressure water or brush. Hosts include many broadleaf deciduous and some evergreen plants.

Japanese weevil-see Twobanded Japanese weevil

Juniper scale (46**), Carulaspis juniperi (armored scale)

Plant abnormalities:

Yellowing foliage, brown in severe infestations.

Management options:

Acephate, acetamiprid (8.5SL, trunk spray or injection), bifenthrin, carbaryl, cyfluthrin, flonicamid, horticultural oil, insecticidal soap, lambda-cyhalothrin, malathion, neem oil, pyriproxyfen (Distance, Defiance), spirotetramat (Kontos spray, container drench).

When to treat:

Mid-April to early May for dormant (oil) treatment, 22-148 GDD, PPI-pussy willow. Mid-June to early July for crawlers, 707-1260 GDD, PPI-Philadelphus.

IPM considerations:

Oil is an effective dormant or verdant treatment. Eggs begin to hatch about mid-June. Don't spray if parasites and predators are abundant. Pfitzer juniper is especially prone. Arborvitae and Leyland cypress are also hosts. Very similar to minute cypress scale (Carulaspis minima).

Juniper webworm (8), Dichomeris marginella (moth)

Plant abnormalities:

Twigs webbed together, brown foliage.

Management options:

Several effective natural enemies. Acephate, carbaryl, chlorantraniliprole (1.67SC, spray), cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, diazinon, diflubenzuron, gamma-cyhalothrin, indoxacarb, spinosad.

When to treat:

Late April for overwintering larvae; late July through first 10 days of August, 1645-1917 GDD, PPI-Butterfly bush, Hydrangea paniculata.

IPM considerations:

Spray material must get past webs and impinge on foliage. Plant resistant species (https://hdl.handle.net/1813/56372.2). Pfitzer and Savin junipers are apparently immune. Prune out dead branches.

Kermes oak scales (174), Allokermes spp. (Kermesid or gall-like scales)

Plant abnormalities:

Gall-like insects in twig crotches, sooty mold, dead twigs.

Management options:

Several parasites and predators usually keep populations in check. Acephate, carbaryl, cyfluthrin, horticultural oil, insecticidal soap, lambda-cyhalothrin, malathion, pyriproxyfen (Distance, Defiance), spirotetramat (Kontos spray, container drench).

When to treat:

Dormant (oil) treatment in April, 7-91 GDD. Crawler treatment late May through mid-July, 298-912 GDD, PPI-ruby horsechestnut, mt. laurel.

IPM considerations:

These insects are found only on oaks. Prune off infected twigs.

Lace bugs (204-206), Corythucha spp.; Stephanitis spp.

Plant abnormalities:

Stippled, yellowish to silverish leaves, brownish-black "varnish" spots on undersides of leaves.

Management options:

Natural enemies are mostly predators, rarely abundant enough to affect damaging populations. Abamectin (*trunk injection), acephate, bifenthrin, carbaryl, chlorantraniliprole (1.67SC, soil application), cyantraniliprole (drench), cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, dimethoate (azalea), flupyradifurone (foliar spray or container drench), imidacloprid (foliar or soil application), lambda-cyhalothrin, malathion, permethrin.

When to treat:

Corythucha: mid-May, 239-363 GDD, PPI-redbud. Again in mid-July, 1266-1544 GDD, PPI-Abelia. Stephanitis: 120+ GDD. Coverage under foliage is important. Fall or early spring soil treatment with imidacloprid has been effective.

IPM considerations:

Corythucha spp. attack deciduous hosts and overwinter as adults; Stephanitis spp. feed on azalea, rhododendron, or andromeda and overwinter as eggs on or in leaves. Infestations may be more severe in sunny, exposed sites. Azalea cultivars vary greatly in susceptibility; see Smith-Fiola's Key Pest-Resistant Trees and Shrubs for a list. Andromeda cultivars 'Temple Bells' and Cavatine' were preferred by S. takeyai over 'Variegata' and 'Prelude' and Pieris floribunda and hybrids less preferred compared with. P. japonica.

Larch casebearer (11), Coleophora laricella (moth)

Plant abnormalities:

Bleached or scorched leaves, leaf tips turn brown.

Management options:

Parasites attack the casebearer but are unable to hold it completely in check. Chlorantraniliprole (1.67SC, spray), cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, indoxacarb, lambda-cyhalothrin.

When to treat:

Late April through early May, PPI-Japanese quince. Late August through mid-September, 2375-2805 GDD, PPI-witch hazel.

IPM considerations:

?

Larch sawfly (1), Pristophora erichsonii

Plant abnormalities:

Complete or partial defoliation.

Management options:

Many effective natural enemies, including microbials. Acephate, carbaryl, chlorantraniliprole^##, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, emamectin benzoate, gamma-cyhalothrin, imidacloprid (foliar or soil application), gamma-cyhalothrin (trunk injection), lambda-cyhalothrin, spinosad.

^##2(ee) recommendation of Acelepryn for use on unlabeled pest larch sawfly. The 2(ee) recommendation must be in the applicator's possession at the time of use. See 2(ee) at extapps.dec.ny.gov/nyspad/products.

When to treat:

Mid-May, 192-299 GDD. PPI-flowering dogwood, redbud.

IPM considerations:

Shepherd's crooks in new growth caused by egg-laying damage provide a clue to population size.

Leafhoppers (198-201), several species

Plant abnormalities:

White stippling, yellowed, distorted and/or scorched foliage, some honeydew and sooty mold. Damage depends on host, leafhopper, and severity of infestation.

Management options:

Natural enemies rarely effective for control purposes. Acephate, acetamiprid, bifenthrin, buprofezin, carbaryl, cyfluthrin, diazinon, dimethoate (roses), flonicamid, flupyradifurone (foliar spray or container drench), fluvalinate, imidacloprid (spray), indoxacarb (potato leafhopper), lambda-cyhalothrin, malathion (potato and rose leafhoppers), neem oil, permethrin, phosmet, spirotetramat (Kontos).

When to treat:

Mid-June, 618-802 GDD, PPI-mt. laurel. Mid-July, 1266-1514 GDD, PPI-Abelia. Mid-August, 1917-2155 GDD.

IPM considerations:

A few leafhopper species may cause extensive damage. Phloem, xylem, or mesophyll feeding may occur. Potato leafhopper feeding causes extensive stunting and scorching ("hopperburn") of new growth, especially to young plants, in occasional years when it is abundant. Older, established plants are more tolerant. Symptoms appear perhaps a week or more after infestation (late May-June) and are often mistaken for herbicide or other injury. Maples, Amelanchier, birches, Sophora, redbud, rose, apple, wisteria, and broom are among those prone to injury. Control of injury depends on early detection of adults and nymphs and frequent monitoring during years of high activity.

Lecanium scales-see European fruit tree lecanium

Lesser peachtree borer (121), Synanthedon pictipes (moth, clearwing borer)

Plant abnormalities:

Galleries in inner bark, bark fragments and frass collect on external bark along with gum, suckers growing below injury site. Damage usually found at base of branches around crotches.

Management options:

Chemical control dependent on killing newly hatched larva while on bark surface. Abamectin trunk injection (*Abacide, *Abacide Hp), bifenthrin (*^FOnyxPro, *Baseline), chlorantraniliprole (1.67SC, bark application), cyantraniliprole (bark application), emamectin benzoate, permethrin.

When to treat:

Rely on pheromone traps to determine bark spray timing. Spray 8 to 10 days after first moths are trapped. Direct sprays to crotches and scaffold limbs. Three applications may be needed (June 1-10, July 7-15, August 1-10).

IPM considerations:

Moths will appear in early June in southeastern New York State. Borers are strongly attracted to damaged bark. Hosts include most species of Prunus. See also Peachtree borer.

Lilac borer (122), Podosesia syringae (moth, clearwing borer)

Plant abnormalities:

Branch dieback, holes, and sometimes sawdust collects on bark.

Management options:

Woodpeckers are the most important predators. Bifenthrin (*^FOnyxPro, *Baseline), chlorantraniliprole (1.67SC, bark application), cyantraniliprole (bark application), permethrin.

When to treat:

Mid-May, 200-299 GDD, PPI-flowering dogwood, redbud. Again in early June, 400+ GDD. Third treatment two weeks later. Pheromone traps are useful to monitor and determine spray date. Treat 10 days after capture of first male. If additional males are captured 6 weeks following initial spray a second application may be needed.

IPM considerations:

Prune out and destroy infected portions. Avoid pruning when moths are present. Lilac, privet, fringetree, and ash are hosts.

Lilac leafminer (90), Caloptilia syringella (moth)

Plant abnormalities:

Blotch-type leaf mine.

Management options:

Little is known about its natural enemies. Abamectin, bifenthrin, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, diflubenzuron, imidacloprid (soil drench or injection (not on Long Island)), permethrin.

When to treat:

Sprays mid- to late May, 246-363 GDD, PPI-redbud, Tatarian honeysuckle. Again in mid- to late July, 1388-1644 GDD, PPI-Abelia, butterfly bush. Imidacloprid soil application in early spring.

IPM considerations:

Insect attacks both lilac and privet, occasionally ash, mt. ash, deutzia, and euonymus. Apply first spray treatment immediately after flowering.

Linden looper (64), Erannis tiliaria (moth)

Plant abnormalities:

Defoliation: leaf petiole and midrib remain.

Management options:

Populations are ordinarily kept at low levels by parasites and microbials. Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Foray, Javelin), bifenthrin, chlorantraniliprole (1.67SC, spray), cryolite, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, fluvalinate, indoxacarb, lambda-cyhalothrin, spinosad.

When to treat:

Mid- to late May, 192-363 GDD, PPI-flowering almond, ruby horsechestnut.

IPM considerations:

Adults are active late fall. Females are wingless and emerge from soil. Banding the trunk may prevent egg laying on tree. Many hosts including Amelanchier, American hornbeam, basswood, birch, cherry, elm, hazel, hickory, maple, poplar, oak, rose, and willow.

Linden spider mite (NA), Eotetranychus tiliarium (spider mite)

Plant abnormalities:

Leaves with pale stippling or heavily bronzed, often more severe lower in the canopy. Leaves may drop prematurely after mid-summer.

Management options:

Natural enemies may be present but not always effective. Abamectin, bifenthrin, etoxazole, fenazaquin, fenpyroximate, fluvalinate, horticultural oil, insecticidal soap, lambda-cyhalothrin, neem oil.

When to treat:

April dormant for overwinterwintering females on bark. Late spring to early summer for active stages and eggs.

IPM considerations:

Mite populations can be very high before damage is obvious. In one study higher levels were found on T. platyphyllos, lower on T. cordata and least on T. tomentosa. Other reported hosts include sycamore, horsechestnut, hornbeam, hawthorn, hazel, willow, alder, and hop. Females overwinter on bark.

Locust borer (129), Megacyllene robiniae (longhorned beetle, roundheaded borer)

Plant abnormalities:

Holes in bark of trunk, wet spots or sap stain on bark, dieback.

Management options:

Parasites have not been studied. Woodpeckers provide minimal control. Bifenthrin (*^FOnyxPro, *Talstar P, *Baseline), carbaryl, emamectin benzoate, permethrin.

When to treat:

Late August through mid-September, 2271-2805 GDD.

IPM considerations:

Attacks only Robinia. Resistant cultivars exist. Remove goldenrod from around specimen trees. Maintain plant vigor and minimize stressful conditions.

Locust leafminer (87), Odontota dorsalis (beetle)

Plant abnormalities:

Blotch-type leaf mine.

Management options:

Several effective parasites keep them in check. Abamectin, bifenthrin, emamectin benzoate, imidacloprid (soil drench or injection (not on Long Island)), permethrin.

When to treat:

Foliar sprays late May to early June, 298-533 GDD, PPI-ruby horsechestnut. Again in early to mid-July, 1029-1388 GDD, PPI-Tilia cordata. Imidacloprid soil application late fall or early spring.

IPM considerations:

Mine is always in distal half of leaflet. Sometimes attacks a few other plants, including apple, birch, cherry, and oak.

Magnolia scale (169), Neolecanium cornuparvum (soft scale)

Plant abnormalities:

Much sooty mold, small leaves, and dead twigs.

Management options:

Several effective parasites and predators. Acephate, acetamiprid (8.5SL, trunk spray or injection), carbaryl, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, diazinon, horticultural oil, imidacloprid (soil drench or injection (not on Long Island)), insecticidal soap, lambda-cyhalothrin, malathion, neem oil, pyriproxyfen (Distance, Defiance), spirotetramat (Kontos spray, container drench).

When to treat:

April for dormant (oil) treatment, 7-35 GDD, PPI-redbud. Avoid spraying opening buds or blooms. October with other foliar insecticides (not oil) for crawler stage on branches. Two fall applications 7 to 10 days apart may be needed for severe infestations. Imidacloprid soil application late fall or early spring.

IPM considerations:

Our largest scale; females can be removed by hand in July before crawlers emerge. Prune out severely infested branches.

Maple bladdergall mite (232), Vasates quadripedes (eriophyid mite)

Plant abnormalities:

Numerous bladdergalls on upper leaf surface.

Management options:

No parasites known, predators unpredictable. Carbaryl, fenazaquin, fenpyroximate, fluvalinate, horticultural oil.

When to treat:

Late April through early May, 58-148 GDD, PPI-boxelder. Mid- to late May, 98-155 GDD, PPI-redbud.

IPM considerations:

Oil has the potential for foliar injury immediately following budbreak.

Maple trumpet skeletonizer (98), Catastega aceriella (moth)

Plant abnormalities:

Folded leaf, skeletonized in the folded area.

Management options:

Often kept in check by parasites. Chlorantraniliprole (1.67SC, spray), cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, indoxacarb.

When to treat:

Mid-July through early August, 1388-2032 GDD, PPI-Abelia, Clethra alnifolia. Treat underside of leaves.

IPM considerations:

Usually not threatening to plant health. Rake and destroy fallen leaves. Primarily a pest of red and sugar maples.

Maskell scale (NA**), Lepidosaphes pallida (armored scale)

Plant abnormalities:

Yellowed, then brown foliage and dieback.

Management options:

Natural enemies not usually effective. Acephate, acetamiprid (8.5SL, trunk spray or injection), carbaryl, cyfluthrin, flonicamid, horticultural oil, insecticidal soap, lambda-cyhalothrin, neem oil, pyriproxyfen (Distance, Defiance), spirotetramat (Movento, Christmas trees only; Kontos spray, container drench).

When to treat:

Check for crawlers in early June. Repeat applications (2-3 at 7-10 day intervals) may be needed during period of crawler activity.

IPM considerations:

Biology little studied. At least one generation a year. Cryptomeria most often affected in southeast NY; other hosts include Cephalotaxus, Chamecyparis, Cupressus, Juniperus, Picea, Sciadopitys, Sequoia, Taxodium, Taxus, and Thuja. Cryptomeria and some other conifers may be sensitive to oil-type products.

Mimosa webworm (82), Homadaula anisocentra (moth)

Plant abnormalities:

Brown, webbed foliage on mimosa and thornless honeylocust. Second generation in late summer usually causes severe defoliation.

Management options:

Azadirachtin, Bacillus thuringiensis subspp. kurstaki and aizawai, bifenthrin, carbaryl, chlorantraniliprole (1.67SC, spray), cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, diflubenzuron, emamectin benzoate, fluvalinate, gamma-cyhalothrin, indoxacarb, lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, spinosad.

When to treat:

As damage is first observed, late June to early July, 900-1200 GDD, and again in August, 1800-2100 GDD.

IPM considerations:

Thornless honeylocust 'Sunburst' reported highly susceptible; 'Moraine,' 'Shademaster,' and 'Imperial' less so. Light injury can be pruned off. Generations may overlap so repeat applications may be needed.

Mountain-ash sawfly (56), Pristiphora geniculata

Plant abnormalities:

Partial defoliation, petiole and main vein remain.

Management options:

No information about effects of natural enemies. Acephate, carbaryl, chlorantraniliprole^##, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, emamectin benzoate, gamma-cyhalothrin, imidacloprid (spray or soil application), spinosad.

^##2(ee) recommendation of Acelepryn for use on unlabeled pest mountain ash sawfly. The 2(ee) recommendation must be in the applicator's possession at the time of use. See 2(ee) at extapps.dec.ny.gov/nyspad/products.

When to treat:

Sprays early through mid-June, 448-707 GDD, PPI-cranberry bush, Philadelphus. Imidacloprid soil application in early spring.

IPM considerations:

The immatures live in colonies.

Nantucket pine tip moth (17, 18), Rhyacionia frustrana

Plant abnormalities:

Tunneling in tips causes dead buds, shoots, or both.

Management options:

There are many parasites and natural enemies, but none have provided satisfactory control. Acephate, bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, diflubenzuron, dimethoate, esfenvalerate, gamma-cyhalothrin, imidacloprid (soil drench or injection (not on Long Island)), lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, spinosad.

When to treat:

May, 121-448 GDD, PPI-Japanese quince, redbud. Late July through early August, 1514-1917 GDD, PPI-butterfly bush. Moths are present beginning 1490 GDD; peak at 1750 GDD. Time dimethoate spray applications 10-14 days and 4-6 days after peak moth captures for first and second flights, respectively. Timing for pyrethroid (mode of action class 3) sprays is 2-3 days earlier.

IPM considerations:

Most 2- and 3-needled pines are susceptible. Pheromone lure traps are important for monitoring and timing controls. Two to three generations per year occur in New York. If practical, prune out and destroy brown tips by early spring (before late April) for overwintering generation and before 1000 GDD (by early July) for first summer generation.

Native holly leafminer (95), Phytomyza ilicicola (fly)

Plant abnormalities:

Lineal to small blotch leaf mines and pinpoint feeding punctures in Ilex opaca.

Management options:

Natural enemies do not provide management potential. Abamectin, bifenthrin, carbaryl, cyromazine, diazinon, dimethoate, imidacloprid (soil drench or injection (not on Long Island)), permethrin.

When to treat:

Mid-May, 192-298 GDD, PPI-redbud, Kousa dogwood. First two weeks of July, 1029-1266 GDD. Soil treatments in mid-April to mid-May. Imidacloprid soil applications in fall have worked well.

IPM considerations:

Eggs laid in leaf on underside. Larvae mine, predominantly in the palisade cells. Use a sticky trap to detect adult flies. Remove and destroy mined leaves before May. See also Holly leafminer.

Northern pine weevil (NA), Pissodes approximatus

Plant abnormalities:

Holes chewed in bark of twigs and branches, white pitch at feeding sites, branch dieback.

Management options:

Several parasites capable of significant pest reduction. Diflubenzuron, esfenvalerate, gamma-cyhalothrin.

When to treat:

April through early May, 7-192 GDD, PPI-pussy willow, boxelder.

IPM considerations:

Insects rarely attack healthy trees. Transplants may need the protection of a pesticide. Attacks several pines and spruces but prefers red and Scots pines. Destroy breeding sites (stumps, dead and dying hosts).

Oak blotch leafminers (88, 90), Cameraria spp., Tischeria spp. (moth)

Plant abnormalities:

Blotch mines.

Management options:

Wasps keep these leafminers in check. Abamectin, bifenthrin, carbaryl, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, emamectin benzoate, imidacloprid (soil drench or injection (not on Long Island)), permethrin.

When to treat:

Foliar sprays June, 533-912 GDD, PPI-cranberry bush, Philadelphus. Imidacloprid soil application late fall or early spring.

IPM considerations:

Control depends on early treatment, when mines are less than ¼-inch long. Minor pest. Rake and destroy fallen leaves.

Oak leaf or twig galls (212-216), many species (gall wasps and gall midges)

Plant abnormalities:

Galls on foliage or twigs.

Management options:

Controls recommended only for special cases. Galls rarely harm trees (black oak twiggall wasp and gouty oak galls are occasional exceptions in NY). Carbaryl (gall midges), emamectin benzoate (gall wasps).

When to treat:

Spring application.

IPM considerations:

Little evidence for value of insecticide treatments in most cases. Prune out and destroy infested parts if practical.

Oak leaftier (78), Croesia semipurpurana (moth)

Plant abnormalities:

Bud loss or damage, webbed and/or folded leaves, holes in newly opened leaves.

Management options:

Parasites often keep them in check. Chlorantraniliprole (1.67SC, spray), cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, indoxacarb.

When to treat:

Early to mid-April, 7-35 GDD. PPI-silver maple, pussy willow. Treat new, opening buds as larvae hatch.

IPM considerations:

Timing of pesticides often depends on good scouting. The most serious damage is loss of buds. This pest is minor. Fruittree leafroller can cause similar damage.

Oak skeletonizer (102), Bucculatrix ainsliella (moth)

Plant abnormalities:

Skeletonized leaves, white cocoons.

Management options:

Natural enemies affect them in cycles. Bifenthrin, carbaryl, chlorantraniliprole (1.67SC, spray), cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, indoxacarb.

When to treat:

First two weeks of June, 448-707 GDD, PPI-cranberry bush. First two weeks of August, 1798-2155 GDD.

IPM considerations:

Infrequent, minor pest of red oak group.

Oak spider mite (228), Oligonychus bicolor

Plant abnormalities:

Bronze to yellowish stippled foliage, especially upper side of leaves on lowest branches.

Management options:

Weather and predators often keep them in check. Abamectin, bifenazate, bifenthrin, fenazaquin, fenpyroximate, fluvalinate, horticultural oil, insecticidal soap, neem oil.

When to treat:

Late June through July, 802-1266 GDD, PPI-Spirea bumalda, sourwood. Several treatments may be necessary.

IPM considerations:

Horticultural oil can be used for summer treatment. Dormant applications may not be effective because eggs are protected by silk. Also feeds on beech, birch, chestnut, elm, and hickory.

Orangestriped oakworm (70), Anisota senatoria (moth)

Plant abnormalities:

Chewed leaves, branch defoliation.

Management options:

Several natural enemies, although damaging outbreaks may occur. Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Foray 48B), bifenthrin, carbaryl, chlorantraniliprole (1.67SC, spray), cryolite, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, diflubenzuron (25W, 4L), emamectin benzoate, fluvalinate, indoxacarb, lambda-cyhalothrin, spinosad.

When to treat:

Late July through August. Smaller caterpillars are more easily controlled.

IPM considerations:

Oaks are most favored, but caterpillars also reported on hickory, birch, maple, and hazelnut. Late-season defoliation of pin oak may affect tree health. On small trees, remove caterpillars by hand.

Oriental beetle (NA), Exomala orientalis (scarab beetle, white grub)

Plant abnormalities:

Damage is from grub stage. Roots eaten, crown girdled, yellowing and wilting foliage.

Management options:

Beneficials not effective. Nursery container-grown plants: bifenthrin (Nursery Granular) for media incorporation, drench with chlorantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole (drench, flower beds & groundcovers), imidacloprid. Nursery field stock: drench with chlorantraniliprole, or apply imidacloprid post-plant, thiamethoxam (soil treatment, Christmas trees only), Oriental Beetle MD pheromone (Z-tetradec-7-en-2-one) dispensers for mating disruption. Landscape ornamentals: chlorantraniliprole, imidacloprid (some formulations; see labels), trichlorfon.

When to treat:

Mid- to late August for curative drench application. Spring treatments may provide some control but grubs are larger and treatment (except for trichlorfon) is less likely to be effective. Preventive drench or media incorporation applications done prior to or at planting. Place pheromone dispensers just prior to adult emergence, usually early June in Suffolk County; later deployment will be less or not effective.

IPM considerations:

Infestations tend to be spotty in field- and container-grown plants. Treatment with nematodes has had little success in container-grown plants. Many host plants, but common ones include hemlock, holly, rhododendron, azalea, juniper, and andromeda. If using mating disruption place

dispensers in a grid pattern over a large (=5A) preferably square or circular area to minimize border effects from mated females flying in from border areas. Efficacy is likely to be better with increasing treatment area. When handling dispensers, use chemical-resistant gloves and discard when done. Do not store opened packets with unused dispensers. In container nurseries dispensers may be attached to hoops or other structures at indicated height. For ball-and-burlap (<12" dia.) or container dip grub treatments under the Japanese Beetle Harmonization Plan see http://nationalplantboard.org/wp-content/uploads/docs/jbcolumn.pdf.

Oystershell scale (177**), Lepidosaphes ulmi (armored scale)

Plant abnormalities:

Weak, unthrifty plants, dead twigs.

Management options:

Parasites and predators (e.g., twice-stabbed ladybeetle) are usually present, but do not prevent damage to host plants. Acephate, acetamiprid (8.5SL, trunk spray or injection), buprofezin, carbaryl, cyfluthrin, flonicamid, horticultural oil, insecticidal soap, lambda-cyhalothrin, malathion, neem oil, pyriproxyfen (Distance, Defiance), spirotetramat (Kontos spray, container drench).

When to treat:

April for dormant (oil) spray, 7-91 GDD. Late May through mid-June, 363-707 GDD, PPI-ruby horsechestnut, beautybush.

IPM considerations:

Several sprays may be required; those targeting the crawler stage are probably most effective. Eggs hatch in late May. Prune out heavily infested branches. Yanagicola oystershell scale (L. yanagicola) is a similar species often found on winged euonymus.

Pales weevil (21), Hylobius pales

Plant abnormalities:

Holes in bark, young twigs girdled, dead needles.

Management options:

Role of natural enemies not studied. Esfenvalerate, gamma-cyhalothrin, phosmet.

When to treat:

April, 7-121 GDD, PPI-silver maple, star magnolia. Also late August to early September. Treat young twigs and areas of tender bark.

IPM considerations:

A most serious pest of seedling pines to 18 in. high. Feeding occurs at night. Remove pine stumps, which serve as breeding sites. Hosts include pines, spruce, fir, hemlock, Douglas-fir, juniper, larch, and cedar.

Peachtree borer (121), Synanthedon exitiosa (moth, clearwing borer)

Plant abnormalities:

Tree may be girdled at soil line. Gummosis with frass at root crown.

Management options:

No exploited natural enemies. Bifenthrin (*^FOnyxPro), chlorantraniliprole (1.67SC, bark application), cyantraniliprole (bark application), emamectin benzoate, permethrin.

When to treat:

Mid- to late July, 1500-1800 GDD, PPI-abelia, false spirea. Use pheromone traps to time bark treatments. Treat 8 days after capture of first adult. Repeat after 4-6 weeks if adults are still trapped.

IPM considerations:

Do not pile mulch against Prunus stems. Prunus x cistena is very susceptible. See also Lesser peachtree borer.

Pearleaf blister mite (234), Phytoptus pyri (eriophyid mite)

Plant abnormalities:

Dark blister-like blotches under or on leaves. In severe infestations overwintering buds can be killed.

Management options:

Abamectin, carbaryl, fenazaquin, fenpyroximate, horticultural oil.

When to treat:

Fall application with carbaryl in early October when no frost expected for 24 to 48 hr. Oil applied in spring just before green tissue appears may improve control.

IPM considerations:

Also a pest of apple and fruiting pear. Injury is usually cosmetic on Callery pear and treatment may not be necessary.

Periodical cicada (236), Magicicada septendecim

Plant abnormalities:

Slits in bark of twigs, dead twigs on deciduous trees and shrubs.

Management options:

Many natural enemies, including microbials. Carbaryl.

When to treat:

Late May to early June, 363-618 GDD, PPI-ruby horsechestnut, cranberry bush.

IPM considerations:

Brood IV of the 17-year cicada was last observed in the Hudson Valley and other areas in 1996. Brood XIV was observed on Long Island in 2008.

Pine bark adelgid (31), Pineus strobi

Plant abnormalities:

Small cottony spots on bark of trunk, branches, twigs, and base of needles on new shoots.

Management options:

Predatory flies. Acetamiprid, cyantraniliprole (drench), cyclaniliprole, horticultural oil, imidacloprid (spray or soil application), insecticidal soap, spirotetramat, thiamethoxam (25WG, Christmas trees only).

When to treat:

Mid- to late April when using oil, 22-58 GDD, PPI-pussy willow. Sprays late April through May, 58-618 GDD, PPI-boxelder, saucer magnolia. Soil application late fall or early spring.

IPM considerations:

Spruce is a secondary host but adelgid can repeatedly reproduce itself on pine. Does little damage to healthy trees. Hosts include eastern white, Scots, and Austrian pines. Wash off bark with a strong jet of water.

Pine needleminer (13), Exoteleia pinifoliella (moth)

Plant abnormalities:

Brown, mined needles.

Management options:

Natural enemies have not been studied. Bifenthrin, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, permethrin, spinosad.

When to treat:

First three weeks of June, 448-802 GDD, PPI-cranberry bush, mt. laurel.

IPM considerations:

Most often a problem of pitch, jack, mugo, and occasionally Scots and red pines.

Pine needle scale (47**), Chionaspis pinifoliae (armored scale)

Plant abnormalities:

From a distance foliage may look white to gray. Needles turn yellowish, then brown.

Management options:

Parasites not always effective under landscape conditions. Acephate, acetamiprid (8.5SL, trunk spray or injection), bifenthrin, carbaryl, cyfluthrin, diazinon, emamectin benzoate, flonicamid, gamma-cyhalothrin, horticultural oil, insecticidal soap, lambda-cyhalothrin, malathion, neem oil, pyriproxyfen (Distance, Defiance), spirotetramat (Movento, Christmas trees only; Kontos spray, container drench for nursery ornamentals).

When to treat:

Dormant (oil) treatment in April; also late May for crawlers, 298-448 GDD. PPI-pussy willow, redbud. July, 1290-1917 GDD. PPI-abelia, butterfly bush.

IPM considerations:

Several treatments usually required. Oil may be used for both dormant and verdant treatments. Crawler applications are usually the most effective. White, mugo, and Scots pines often attacked.

Austrian and red pines, spruces, Douglas-fir, and cedar are also reported hosts. Pine scale (C. heterophyllae), a similar species, has second-generation crawlers active in August.

Pine root collar weevil (NA), Hylobius radicis

Plant abnormalities:

A flow of resin from bark at root crown.

Management options:

Natural enemies not studied. Gamma-cyhalothrin, phosmet.

When to treat:

Sprays mid-June, 618-912 GDD, PPI-mt. laurel, Philadelphus. Soil applications in late fall or early spring.

IPM considerations:

Feeds on healthy, open-grown trees, especially Scots, Austrian, and red pines. Pitch pine is somewhat resilient; white pine is rarely attacked. Remove litter from base of pines.

Pine sawflies (1-3), Diprion and Neodiprion spp.

Plant abnormalities:

Complete or partial defoliation. Needles chewed to stubs or strawlike wisps. Yellow rows of spots (eggs) on needles.

Management options:

Many effective parasites and disease organisms. Acephate, azadirachtin, carbaryl, chlorantraniliprole^##, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, emamectin benzoate, esfenvalerate, gamma-cyhalothrin, imidacloprid (spray or soil application), lambda-cyhalothrin, phosmet, spinosad, thiamethoxam (25WG, Christmas trees only).

^##2(ee) recommendation of Acelepryn for use on unlabeled pest pine sawfly. The 2(ee) recommendation must be in the applicator's possession at the time of use. See 2(ee) at extapps.dec.ny.gov/nyspad/products.

When to treat:

Mid-May through mid-July, 246-1388 GDD, PPI-redbud, Ceanothus americanus.

IPM considerations:

Most conifer sawflies live in colonies. Some have two annual generations and may appear anytime during growing season. Handpick or prune off and destroy colonies and needles with eggs. Bacillus thuringiensis materials not effective against sawfly caterpillars. See also European pine sawfly.

Pine shoot beetle (NA), Tomicus piniperda (scolytid bark beetle)

Plant abnormalities:

Usually current or one-year-old shoots are bored out and yellowed, deformed or bent, and may drop. Lateral twigs are most affected. Trees may be stunted or occasionally killed if severe.

Management options:

Bifenthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin. Trap out beetles. Listed sanitation and cultural measures are important for control.

When to treat:

Apply single spray just before adults emerge (450-500 GDD, late May to early June) to prevent shoot damage.

IPM considerations:

Scots, Austrian, red, jack, and eastern white pines have been most affected; larch, fir, and spruce may occasionally be damaged. Remove or destroy (burn, bury, chip) all breeding sites (host stumps, slash, logs, stressed trees) and debark logs by early May. If stumps can't be removed, cut as close to the ground as possible. Prune off, collect, and destroy tips as soon as damage is observed. For trapping, place 2- to 3-foot-long logs of Scots or Austrian (3-in. diam.), jack, or red (4-inch diameter) pine just inside field edges by March 1 to attract breeding beetles. Destroy all by early to mid-May before new beetles emerge. Host plants or plant material may require inspection before shipment from quarantined areas.

Pine spittlebugs (36), Aphrophora cribrata, A. saratogensis

Plant abnormalities:

Spittle masses on shoots (A. cribrata), especially Scots pine. Yellowing of foliage followed by dead twigs (A. saratogensis).

Management options:

Weather conditions during winter and spring have a major effect on populations.Bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, esfenvalerate, gamma-cyhalothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, spirotetramat (Kontos).

When to treat:

Early to mid-May, 148-298 GDD, PPI-Japanese quince, redbud.

IPM considerations:

A. cribrata (pine spittlebug) is aesthetically damaging. A. saratogensis (Saratoga spittlebug) adult is economically damaging. Scouting for adults is necessary. Also spray nearby weeds; eliminating nearby sweetfern can help control A. saratogensis outbreaks.

Pine tip moths-see European pine shoot moth and Nantucket pine tip moth.

Pine tortoise scale (41), Toumeyella parvicornis (soft scale)

Plant abnormalities:

Sooty mold, short needles, dead branches.

Management options:

Parasites usually not found until there is a massive population. Acephate, acetamiprid (8.5SL, trunk spray or injection), carbaryl, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, diazinon, flonicamid, gamma-cyhalothrin, horticultural oil, insecticidal soap, lambda-cyhalothrin, neem oil, pyriproxyfen (Distance, Defiance), spirotetramat (Movento, Christmas trees only; Kontos spray, container drench for nursery ornamentals), thiamethoxam (25WG, Christmas trees only).

When to treat:

Late April (dormant), 58-148 GDD, PPI-boxelder. Mid- to late June, 618-1050 GDD, PPI-mt. laurel, Rhododendron maximum.

IPM considerations:

Use oil as a dormant treatment. Preferred hosts include Scots, Virginia, and jack pines, but Austrian, red, and other pines can also be affected.

Pine tube moth (16), Argyrotaenia pinatubana

Plant abnormalities:

Needles tied with silk into tubes and truncated on eastern white pine.

Management options:

Natural enemies usually hold them in check. Bifenthrin, chlorantraniliprole (1.67SC, spray), cyfluthrin, permethrin.

When to treat:

Early May, 91-246 GDD, PPI-Japanese quince. Again from early to mid-July, 1151-1514 GDD, PPI-golden rain tree.

IPM considerations:

Chemical control is rarely warranted. Handpick and destroy tubes late fall through early spring or in mid-June.

Pine webspinning sawflies (NA) (Acantholyda and Cephalcia spp.)

Plant abnormalities:

Masses of needles webbed together, partial defoliation.

Management options:

Natural enemies usually hold them in check. Acephate, carbaryl, chlorantraniliprole^##, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, emamectin benzoate, fluvalinate, gamma-cyhalothrin, imidacloprid (foliar or soil application), lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, phosmet, spinosad, thiamethoxam (25WG, Christmas trees only).

^##2(ee) recommendation of Acelepryn for use on unlabeled pest pine webspinning sawflies. The 2(ee) recommendation must be in the applicator's possession at the time of use. See 2(ee) at extapps.dec.ny.gov/nyspad/products.

When to treat:

Spray when nests are observed. Soil application of imidacloprid in late fall or early spring.

IPM considerations:

Cut out nests. Monitoring required.

Pine webworm (4), Pococera robustella (moth)

Plant abnormalities:

Web nests on terminal twigs, partial defoliation.

Management options:

Several effective natural enemies exist, including microbials. Acephate, carbaryl, chlorantraniliprole (1.67SC, spray), cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, fluvalinate, gamma-cyhalothrin, indoxacarb, permethrin.

When to treat:

Late June through early August, 802-2000 GDD, PPI-Philadelphus, Abelia.

IPM considerations:

Apply sprays when nests are small. Minor pest. Remove and destroy nests.

Pitch twig moth (29), Petrova comstockiana

Plant abnormalities:

Masses of pitch attached to twigs of hard pines.

Management options:

Natural enemies not studied. Bifenthrin.

When to treat:

Late May through mid-June, 198-707 GDD. PPI-Tatarian honeysuckle, cranberry bush.

IPM considerations:

Cut out twigs with pitch mass and destroy, using above timing.

Poplar-and-willow borer (126), Cryptorhynchus lapathi (weevil)

Plant abnormalities:

Holes in bark of trunk, top dieback, oozing sap from bark.

Management options:

Parasites and other natural enemies not studied. Bifenthrin (*^FOnyxPro, *^FTalstar S, *Talstar P, *Baseline), permethrin.

When to treat:

Late August through mid-September, 2271-2806 GDD. PPI-Polygonum aubertii, witch hazel.

IPM considerations:

Attacks all Salix and most Populus spp. (except P. tremuloides), Betula nigra, and B. pumila.

Privet rust mite (231), Aculus ligustri (eriophyid mite)

Plant abnormalities:

Premature leaf drop, silvery stipple to foliage. Leaves cup downward.

Management options:

Predaceous mites are the most effective natural enemy. Abamectin, carbaryl, fenazaquin, fenpyroximate, horticultural oil, neem oil.

When to treat:

Last 10 days of May through mid-June, 298-802 GDD. PPI-ruby horsechestnut; mid-July, 1266-1515 GDD. PPI-golden rain tree. Treat both sides of foliage.

IPM considerations:

Mites may be present from May through November. California, Amur, and regal privet are hosts.

Privet thrips (208), Dendrothrips ornatus

Plant abnormalities:

Chlorotic flecks or a dusty grayish appearance of leaves, black fecal spots.

Management options:

No dependable parasites or predators. Abamectin (suppression), acetamiprid, bifenthrin, carbaryl, cyfluthrin, diazinon, flonicamid, fluvalinate, imidacloprid, lambda-cyhalothrin, malathion, spinosad.

When to treat:

Mid-May through first 10 days of June, 192-618 GDD, PPI-redbud. First 10 days of July, 1029-1266 GDD, PPI-Ceanothus americanus.

IPM considerations:

Remove and destroy leaf litter. Both California and regal privet are hosts.

Redbanded leafroller (99), Argyrotaenia velutinana (moth)

Plant abnormalities:

Skeletonized leaves, often near midvein. Leaves may be folded or rolled.

Management options:

Natural enemies are almost always present, but not dependable for control purposes. Acephate, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Foray, Javelin), bifenthrin, carbaryl, chlorantraniliprole (1.67SC, spray), cryolite, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, gamma-cyhalothrin, indoxacarb, permethrin, spinosad.

When to treat:

Late May through early June, 298-618 GDD, PPI-ruby horsechestnut, Kousa dogwood.

IPM considerations:

Insect is not very discriminating in its selection of plant species. Three generations may occur in southeastern New York. Pheromone lure traps are useful.

Redheaded flea beetle (NA), Systena frontalis (chrysomelid or leaf-feeding beetle)

Plant abnormalities:

Shotholes in leaves, skeletonized areas of foliage.

Management options:

Natural enemies not dependable for control purposes. Acetamiprid, bifenthrin, carbaryl, cryolite, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, fluvalinate, gamma-cyhalothrin (Conflict), imidacloprid, lambda-cyhalothrin, pyrethrins, spinosad.

When to treat:

When adults first observed or at first sign of damage, usually mid-summer to fall, 590-785 GDD and again from 2100-2140 GDD

IPM considerations:

Adults have a wide host range including many crops, weeds and landscape plants such as forsythia, rose, chrysanthemum, Euonymus alatus, viburnum, Joe Pye weed, and weigela. Eggs overwinter in soil; larvae are known to girdle cranberry runners but little known on larval host range or control.

Rhododendron borer (121), Synanthedon rhododendri (moth, clearwing borer)

Plant abnormalities:

Plant may appear drought stressed. Holes in bark often at limb crotches.

Management options:

Natural enemies are not effective for control. Bifenthrin (*^FOnyxPro), chlorantraniliprole (1.67SC, bark application), cyantraniliprole (bark application), permethrin.

When to treat:

Mid-May, 192-298 GDD, PPI-redbud. Again during second week of June, 533-707 GDD, PPI-cranberry bush.

IPM considerations:

Sex pheromone traps may be useful to provide spray timing data. Make a special effort to spray branches. Spray 10 days after first emergence of adult borers. Repeat application if borers are still trapped six weeks later. Prune out and destroy infested branches before June.

Rhododendron gall midge (227), Clinodiplosis rhododendri (fly)

Plant abnormalities:

Distorted or deformed foliage.

Management options:

Natural enemies not studied. Carbaryl, spinosad.

When to treat:

Mid- to late May, 192-363 GDD, PPI-redbud, ruby horsechestnut. Apply at foliar budbreak.

IPM considerations:

Open-grown plants and those with good air circulation are less susceptible to injury. Rhododendron catawbiense and hybrids, R. ponticum and R. maximum, are hosts.

Rhododendron stem borer (123B similar), Oberea myops (longhorned beetle, roundheaded/twig borer)

Plant abnormalities:

Leaf curl and callus tissue on midvein, clusters of small holes in twigs and stems.

Management options:

Natural enemies not studied. Bifenthrin (*^FOnyxPro, *Talstar P, *Talstar S, *Baseline).

When to treat:

Late May through mid-June, 298-802 GDD, PPI-ruby horsechestnut, mt. laurel.

IPM considerations:

Adults emerge from root crown area. Prune and destroy wilting branches. Other hosts include azalea, mt. laurel, blueberry, Leucothöe, and sourwood.

Rose chafer (110), Macrodactylus subspinosus (scarab beetle)

Plant abnormalities:

Skeletonized foliage, damaged flowers.

Management options:

Few natural enemies. Carbaryl, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole.

When to treat:

First three weeks of June, 448-802 GDD, PPI-beautybush, cranberry bush.

IPM considerations:

Problems are encountered most frequently where there is light, sandy soil.

Roseslugs (58), Endelomyia aethiops, Allantus cinctus (sawflies)

Plant abnormalities:

Skeletonized upper leaf surface. Leaves turn brown and curl. A. cinctus also bores into pith of pruned stems.

Management options:

Natural enemies not studied. Acephate, carbaryl, chlorantraniliprole^##, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, gamma-cyhalothrin, imidacloprid (foliar or soil application), lambda-cyhalothrin, spinosad.

^##2(ee) recommendation of Acelepryn for use on unlabeled pest roseslugs (sawfly). The 2(ee) recommendation must be in the applicator's possession at the time of use. See 2(ee) at extapps.dec.ny.gov/nyspad/products.

When to treat:

Foliar sprays last of May through mid-June. A. cinctus requires a second treatment in mid-August. GDD not available. Imidacloprid soil application in spring.

IPM considerations:

A few larvae can seriously damage a rose plant. Wash slugs from plants with a strong jet of water.

Roundheaded apple tree borer (131), Saperda candida (longhorned beetle, roundheaded borer)

Plant abnormalities:

Holes in bark near base of trunk.

Management options:

Birds are most important predators. Bifenthrin (*^FOnyxPro, *Talstar P), emamectin benzoate.

When to treat:

Last 10 days of June, 802-1029 GDD, PPI-Philadelphus. Again during last 10 days of July, 1514-1798 GDD, PPI-butterfly bush.

IPM considerations:

Adult feeds on fruit, foliage, and bark of host trees late summer to mid-September. Check bark for small pinholes exuding sawdust. Kill larvae using wire or sharp point, taking care not to damage tree. Hosts include hawthorn, cotoneaster, mt. ash, quince, Amelanchier, and flowering crab. Attacks healthy plants.

Rust mites (54), eriophyid mites, several species

Plant abnormalities:

Russeted foliage.

Management options:

Lady beetles and predatory mites are primary natural enemies. Abamectin, carbaryl, fenazaquin, fenpyroximate, horticultural oil, neem oil.

When to treat:

Mid-15 days of June, 533-802 GDD, PPI-mt. laurel. Again from end of July through early August, 1644-2033 GDD, PPI-butterfly bush.

IPM considerations:

Scouting desirable to determine need for control measures.

San Jose scale (185**), Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (armored scale)

Plant abnormalities:

Slow overall stress, with dead twigs and branches, especially on pyracantha and cotoneaster. Gray crust on twigs.

Management options:

Parasites are not generally effective. Acephate, acetamiprid (8.5SL, trunk spray or injection), bifenthrin, buprofezin, carbaryl, cyfluthrin, diazinon, flonicamid, horticultural oil, insecticidal soap, lambda-cyhalothrin, neem oil, pyriproxyfen (Distance, Defiance), spirotetramat (Kontos spray, container drench).

When to treat:

Early May through early September. GDD not available. Two applications 7-10 days apart starting 500 GDD, again at 1451 GDD.

IPM considerations:

Two to three generations per year. A sex pheromone is available for trapping males to time applications for both generations. Wrap band of tape around twigs-sticky side out-to detect crawler activity. Prune off infested branches. Oil can be used in both dormant and verdant sprays.

Sassafras weevil (97), Odontopus calceatus (magnolia or yellow poplar weevil)

Plant abnormalities:

Blotch leaf mines, irregular holes in leaves.

Management options:

Several parasites, but pupal parasites are most important. Bifenthrin, carbaryl.

When to treat:

Late May through mid-June, 363-618 GDD, PPI-ruby horsechestnut, Kousa dogwood.

IPM considerations:

Both larvae and adults injure host plants. This weevil is not of great economic importance. Magnolia, sassafras, and tuliptree are hosts.

Satin moth (71), Leucoma salicis (leaf-feeding caterpillar, tussock moth)

Plant abnormalities:

Skeletonized leaves. Larvae often feed in groups.

Management options:

Several effective parasites. Bifenthrin, chlorantraniliprole (1.67SC, spray), cryolite, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, emamectin benzoate, indoxacarb, permethrin.

When to treat:

Early to mid-June, 298-618 GDD, PPI-cranberry bush. Again in mid-August, 1917-2271 GDD.

IPM considerations:

Eggs may be laid anywhere on tree. Poplar and willow are favored hosts. Also found on birch, crabapple, Amelanchier, and oak.

Slugs and snails (240), Limax, Deroceras, and others

Plant abnormalities:

Holes or notches in leaves or flowers, sometimes skeletonized.

Management options:

Predators include ground beetles. Replace mulch, remove logs, stones, or other debris. Trim weeds around planted area. Remove slugs by hand where practical. Iron phosphate, metaldehyde, phosmet, sodium ferric EDTA.

When to treat:

Apply baits or spray in evening. Baits are best following rain or irrigation.

IPM considerations:

Low-lying plants such as cotoneaster may be most affected. Look for glistening slime trails. Trap slugs under boards or in covered 4-inch diameter by 6-inch deep holes in the ground.

Snowball aphid (142), Neoceruraphis viburnicola

Plant abnormalities:

Severely distorted foliage.

Management options:

Parasites and predators are not usually effective early in the growing season. Acephate, acetamiprid, bifenthrin, cyantraniliprole, cyfluthrin, diazinon, flonicamid, fluvalinate, horticultural oil, imidacloprid (foliar or soil application), permethrin, pymetrozine, spirotetramat.

When to treat:

Sprays early to mid-May, 148-298 GDD, PPI-redbud, flowering almond. Imidocloprid soil application late fall or early spring.

IPM considerations:

Aphid overwinters and is found on viburnum only in the spring. V. opulus, V. prunifolium, and V. acerifolia are most damaged. Many viburnum species are immune.

Southern pine beetle (25), Dendroctonus frontalis (scolytid bark beetle)

Plant abnormalities:

Numerous dime- to nickel-size white to reddish pitch tubes on trunk from base to 60', reddish boring dust on bark, fading foliage from yellow-green to reddish brown, numerous (1/16") exit holes, winding S-shaped galleries in cambium.

Management options:

Predators (mainly checkered beetle Thanasimus dubius, woodpeckers) often present but not effective during outbreaks. Trunk injection: Abamectin trunk injection (*Abacide, *Abacide 2Hp), emamectin benzoate (*Tree-äge G4/*^FR10, *Boxer, *TreeMec Inject). Bark spray: bifenthrin, (*^FOnyxPro, *Baseline, *Bisect L, *Up-Star EC T&O, *Talstar P, Ortho Max Pro, *^FReveal), permethrin (*Astro, *^FPerm-Up).

When to treat:

Around late April (just prior to adult emergence) for bark treatment, PPI-flame azalea, dogwood (C. florida) bloom. Trunk injection early April (*^FTree-äge, Mecta-Cide) or fall (*Abacide).

IPM considerations:

Even healthy trees are attacked and killed. Be aware of regional outbreaks in forest areas that 'spill over' into landscapes. Very cold winter conditions reduce populations (~50% mortality at 4°F). Hosts include pines (pitch, white, red, Scots, others), red and Norway spruces. Hemlock and other spruces rarely attacked. Baited traps can be used to monitor populations. Trunk injections may prevent beetle establishment and reproduction but not protect against attacks; injected trees that are heavily attacked may still succumb. At least 2-3 generations on Long Island. Note: turpentine beetle attacks leave larger pitch tubes that are confined to the lower 6' or so of the trunk.

Southern red mite (229), Oligonychus ilicis (spider mite)

Plant abnormalities:

Bronze, stippled foliage.

Management options:

Predators effective except under outbreak conditions. Abamectin, bifenazate, bifenthrin, dimethoate (azalea, camellia), etoxazole, fenazaquin, fenbutatin-oxide, fenpropathrin, fenpyroximate, fluvalinate, hexythiazox, horticultural oil, insecticidal soap, neem oil, pyridaben.

When to treat:

April for dormant (oil) treatment, 7-91 GDD, PPI-redbud. Again from 246-363 GDD, then 618-802 GDD PPI-Japanese tree lilac. Late August to mid-September, 2500-2700 GDD

IPM considerations:

Most damage occurs during cool weather. Oil can be used for dormant and verdant treatments. Apply hexythiazox around egg hatch (about 100 GDD) or when young nymphs are present. Tap leaves over white paper. Spray thoroughly if 10 mites or more found per tap. Holly (especially I. crenata convexa), camellia, azalea, and some rhododendrons are common hosts.

Spongy moth (formerly gypsy moth) (61, 62), Lymantria dispar

Plant abnormalities:

Shot holes in leaves, defoliated or partially defoliated trees.

Management options:

Several introduced and native parasites. Acephate, acetamiprid, azadirachtin, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and aizawai, bifenthrin, carbaryl, chlorantraniliprole (1.67SC, spray), cryolite, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, diflubenzuron, emamectin benzoate, fluvalinate, gamma-cyhalothrin, indoxacarb, lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, phosmet, spinosad.

When to treat:

Late April through early June, 90-448 GDD, PPI-star magnolia, Japanese quince.

IPM considerations:

Damaging populations occur in five- to seven-year cycles. Best control is obtained when directed to young larvae. Pheromone traps are useful for monitoring moths. Monitor and remove egg masses in winter. Wide host range including conifers; prefers white oaks. Avoids ash, tulip poplar, and a few others.

Spotted lanternfly (NA), Lycorma delicatula, (fulgorid planthopper)

Plant abnormalities:

Sooty mold, honeydew, yellow foliage, dieback. Has killed grapevines.

Management options:

Existing biological controls mostly ineffective. Few insecticides labeled for planthoppers; Beauveria bassiana, bifenthrin^#, buprofezin, dinotefuran^## [Ailanthus (tree-of-heaven) bark treatment or trunk injection only], flupyradifurone, imidacloprid^### (trunk injection, foliar spray, tablet, soil drench or injection (not on Long Island)), lambda-cyhalothrin (Demand CS^#, surface spray only), pyrethrins (Pyronyl Crop Spray), soybean oil (Golden Pest Spray Oil, egg masses only). Only certain products are labeled or have NYS special labeling. See full list of options and specific products at https://tinyurl.com/NYSIPM-SLF.

^#Certain products only, 2(ee) recommendation. 2(ee) labels can be found at extapps.dec.ny.gov/nyspad/products.

^##24(c) Special Local Need registration. 24(c) label can be found at extapps.dec.ny.gov/nyspad/products.

^###Certain products; check labeling for 'planthoppers' and allowed use(s). 2(ee) recommendation also available for some products and can be found at extapps.dec.ny.gov/nyspad/products.

When to treat:

Foliar insecticides when stages observed, imidacloprid (after bloom, no application to Tilia) drench mid-spring to July or trunk injection July to September, dinotefuran bark application or trunk injection (targeting adults) July - September.

IPM considerations:

Note pollinator protection restrictions on imidacloprid and dinotefuran labels. Extremely wide host range including many deciduous woody and some herbaceous plants. Eggs overwinter, are laid (starting 1,825 GDD) on almost any surface - bark, under loose bark, rusty metal, wood, stone, etc. On trees more than 80% may be placed above 10'. Nymphs first emerge late April to mid-May (270 GDD), disperse widely, and are active through summer with adults present starting late July (1,112 GDD) and through fall. Preferred adult hosts in late summer/fall include red and silver maples, black walnut, willow, river birch, grape, Amur cork tree, corkwood, Phellodendron, and especially Ailanthus. Management strategies may include Ailanthus removal

and/or selective insecticide treatment. See Penn State's Spotted Lanternfly Management Guide at https://tinyurl.com/SLFMgtGuide. (Note: not all named insecticides or uses are permitted in NY.) Scrape off egg masses into bag and destroy. Circle traps (https://tinyurl.com/ SLFCircleTrap) or sticky bands (with wildlife barrier) can be used on host tree trunks to detect or monitor populations. Portable vacuums used to removed aggregated adults in late summer. For current map and more information on management: https://tinyurl.com/NY-IPM-SLF.

Spruce bud scale (41), Physokermes piceae (soft scale)

Plant abnormalities:

Sooty mold, dead twigs and branches. Usually found on lower limbs.

Management options:

Parasites are effective. Acephate, acetamiprid (8.5SL, trunk spray or injection), carbaryl, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, diazinon, flonicamid, horticultural oil, insecticidal soap, lambda-cyhalothrin, neem oil, pyriproxyfen (Distance, Defiance), spirotetramat (Movento, Christmas trees only; Kontos spray, container drench), thiamethoxam (25WG, Christmas trees only).

When to treat:

April (dormant), 22-121 GDD, PPI-star magnolia. Again in late June through mid-July, 912-1388 GDD, PPI-Rhododendron maximum.

IPM considerations:

Oil can be used for both dormant and verdant treatments. Oil removes bluish color from certain conifers. Manually remove scale if practical. Norway spruce most often affected.

Spruce budworm (7), Choristoneura fumiferana (moth)

Plant abnormalities:

Loss of buds and defoliation.

Management options:

Many parasites and predators but none effective in outbreak situations. Acephate, azadirachtin, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and aizawai, bifenthrin, carbaryl, cyfluthrin, diflubenzuron, esfenvalerate, gamma-cyhalothrin, spinosad.

When to treat:

Late April through mid-June; GDD not available.

IPM considerations:

Normally not a problem on specimen trees.

Spruce needleminers (9), Endothenia albolineana, Epinotia nanana (moths)

Plant abnormalities:

Clusters of dead needles held together by silk.

Management options:

Natural enemies have not been studied. Bifenthrin, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, permethrin, spinosad.

When to treat:

Early to fourth week of June, 448-802 GDD, PPI-mt. laurel, Philadelphus. Thoroughly wet both old and new foliage.

IPM considerations:

Larvae of both species overwinter. E. nanana seems to prefer Norway spruce. Prune out infested areas in early spring.

Spruce spider mite (52), Oligonychus ununguis

Plant abnormalities:

Stippled foliage that may turn pale yellow to reddish-brown.

Management options:

Predaceous mites are most effective. Abamectin, acequinocyl, bifenazate, bifenthrin, cyflumetofen, dimethoate (arborvitae, hemlock, juniper, cedar), etoxazole, fenazaquin, fenbutatin-oxide, fenpyroximate, fluvalinate, hexythiazox, horticultural oil, insecticidal soap, neem oil.

When to treat:

Oil for dormant, April, 7-121 GDD, PPI-pussy willow. Again in mid- to late May, 192-363 GDD, PPI-redbud. Again in late August through mid-September, 2375-2806 GDD, PPI-witch hazel.

IPM considerations:

Prefers old needles over new as food. Oil can be used where appropriate for dormant or verdant sprays. Tap branches over a white piece of paper. If more than 10 mites per tap, treatment is recommended. Use a lower threshold on dwarf Alberta spruce. Primarily a cool-weather pest.

Sugar maple borer (130), Glycobius speciosus (beetle)

Plant abnormalities:

Oval holes in and wet spots exuding sawdust on lowest 20 feet of trunk, small leaves. Trunk injury does not become apparent for several years.

Management options:

Natural enemies have not been studied. Bifenthrin (*^FOnyxPro, *Talstar P).

When to treat:

Mid- to late August, 2032-2375 GDD.

IPM considerations:

Sugar maple is only host. Shade trees are most frequently attacked. Probe holes with wire to kill larvae, maintain good vigor and minimize stress.

Taxus bud mite (230), Cecidophyopsis psilaspis (eriophyid mite)

Plant abnormalities:

Deformed or "blasted" buds, distorted needles and shoots.

Management options:

Natural enemies have not been studied. Abamectin, carbaryl, dimethoate, fenazaquin, fenpyroximate.

When to treat:

Early through late May, 148-448 GDD, PPI-Japanese quince. Mid-May to late June, 707-912 GDD, PPI-mt. laurel.

IPM considerations:

Damage may not always be apparent. Shear off distorted growth; collect and destroy trimmings.

Taxus mealybug (37), Dysmicoccus wistariae

Plant abnormalities:

Honeydew and sooty mold, yellow needles, unthrifty, thin foliaged plants, dieback.

Management options:

Natural enemies have not been studied. Acetamiprid, bifenthrin, carbaryl, cyfluthrin, dimethoate, fenpyroximate, flonicamid, flupyradifurone (foliar spray or container drench), horticultural oil, imidacloprid, lambda-cyhalothrin, malathion, neem oil, permethrin, spirotetramat (Kontos).

When to treat:

Oil for dormant, April, 7-91 GDD. Again from mid-May through early June, 246-618 GDD, PPI-redbud, cranberry bush.

IPM considerations:

Oil can be used for dormant or verdant sprays. Less common on dogwood, rhododendron, Prunus spp., maple, andromeda, and crabapple.

Tent caterpillars-see Eastern tent and Forest tent caterpillars.

Tuliptree aphid (138), Illinoia liriodendri

Plant abnormalities:

Honeydew deposited on leaves, cars, and/or sidewalks, followed by sooty mold, leaves turn yellow and drop prematurely.

Management options:

Parasites not normally effective for population control. Acephate, acetamiprid, bifenthrin, cyantraniliprole, cyfluthrin, diazinon, flonicamid, fluvalinate, horticultural oil, imidacloprid (foliar or soil application), neem oil, pymetrozine, spirotetramat.

When to treat:

Foliar sprays late June to mid-July, 1151-1514 GDD, PPI-Abelia. Again in early August, 1917-2033 GDD. Imidacloprid soil application late fall or early spring.

IPM considerations:

Many generations. An early treatment preferred. Found year-round on tuliptree; sometimes found on magnolia.

Tuliptree scale (173), Touymeyella liriodendri (soft scale)

Plant abnormalities:

Twig dieback, honeydew and sooty mold, yellowing, and premature leaf drop.

Management options:

Parasite and predator activities commonly observed. Acephate, acetamiprid (8.5SL, trunk spray or injection), carbaryl, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, diazinon, horticultural oil, imidacloprid (soil drench or injection (not on Long Island)), insecticidal soap, lambda-cyhalothrin, neem oil, pyriproxyfen (Distance, Defiance), spirotetramat (Kontos spray, container drench).

When to treat:

Oil for dormant, April, 12-121 GDD, PPI-silver maple. Target crawlers late August through mid-September, 2032-2629 GDD, PPI-witch hazel.

IPM considerations:

Insect has an astonishing biotic potential. Oil can be used for dormant or verdant sprays. Serious pest of tuliptree, Magnolia souleangeana and M. stellata.

Tussock moths (71), Halysidota tessellaris; Orgyia leucostigma (moths)

Plant abnormalities:

Partial defoliation, skeletonized leaves.

Management options:

Several effective parasites. Bifenthrin, chlorantraniliprole (1.67SC, spray), cryolite, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, diflubenzuron, emamectin benzoate, fluvalinate,

gamma-cyhalothrin, indoxacarb, lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, spinosad.

When to treat:

O. leucostigma: mid-May, 192-298 GDD, PPI-flowering dogwood. Again from mid- to late August, 2145-2516 GDD. H. tesselaris: mid-July through mid-August, GDD not available.

IPM considerations:

Two generations of the white-marked tussock moth (O. leucostigma) each year; the pale tussock moth (H. tessellaris) has one.

Twig pruners (124), Anelaphus parallelus and A. villosus (longhorned beetles, roundheaded borers)

Plant abnormalities:

Broken twigs up to ¾-inch diameter. Oval holes in twig ends packed with sawdust-like frass.

Management options:

Squirrels, birds, and parasites all feed on larvae. Emamectin benzoate.

When to treat:

Application timing (A. parallelus) suggested mid- to late April (southeast NY) or late April to early May (rest of NY); adults emerge late May to early June (Michigan). Timing for A. villosus around 2 weeks later.

IPM considerations:

Adults can be collected in light traps. Rake up and destroy infested twigs immediately after they fall. A. villosus appears to prefer weakened or recently dead trees.

Twobanded Japanese weevil (114), Callirhopalus bifasciatus

Plant abnormalities:

Notches of various depths in leaves. Larvae feed on roots.

Management options:

Natural enemies have not been studied. Acephate, bifenthrin, cyclaniliprole, permethrin.

When to treat:

Late July through late August, 1644-2271 GDD, PPI-butterfly bush.

IPM considerations:

Notches tend to be smaller than those made by black vine weevil.

Twospotted spider mite (228-229 similar), Tetranychus urticae

Plant abnormalities:

Stippled foliage, webbing in heavy infestations.

Management options:

Predators may greatly reduce populations. Abamectin, acequinocyl, bifenazate, bifenthrin, clofentezine, cyflumetofen, diazinon, dimethoate (rose), etoxazole, fenazaquin, fenbutatin-oxide, fenpropathrin, fenpyroximate, fluvalinate, hexythiazox, horticultural oil, insecticidal soap, lambda-cyhalothrin, neem oil, pyridaben.

When to treat:

Late May through mid-June, 363-618 GDD, PPI-Tatarian honeysuckle. Again from mid-July through mid-August, 1300-2000 GDD, PPI-butterfly bush.

IPM considerations:

Some miticides also kill predatory mites. Monitor plants to check for resurgence of twospotted mites after treatment. Hexythiazox may not work well against severe infestations. Populations are favored by hot, dry conditions. Dormant applications of oil are not recommended for this pest.

Viburnum leaf beetle (104), Pyrrhalta viburni (chrysomelid or leaf-feeding beetle)

Plant abnormalities:

Defoliation first on lower leaves, then entire plant is affected when populations are high. Larvae skeletonize foliage in May. Adults (July-September) eat oblong cutouts in foliage ca. 1/16-1/8 inch wide (parallel sides), 1/8-1/4 inch long with rounded ends.

Management options:

No information on natural enemies. Acetamiprid, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, gamma-cyhalothrin, imidacloprid, pyrethrins + PBO, spinosad (Conserve SC) (larvae only).

When to treat:

Early to mid-May (80-120 GDD, PPI-redbud) for larvae, as needed from July to September for adults. A single imidacloprid soil application by early July should provide season-long control of adults.

IPM considerations:

Remove and destroy branches with eggs (mostly on newest growth) after adults die and before eggs hatch (October-April). Many varieties are resistant or only moderately susceptible (https://hdl.handle.net/1813/56379.2); V. dentatum, trilobum, rafinesquianum, opulus, and sargentii are very susceptible.

Walnut blister mite (235), Aceria erinea (eriophyid mite)

Plant abnormalities:

Dense, hairy, felt-like pad on undersurface of leaflets.

Management options:

Natural enemies not studied. Abamectin, carbaryl, fenazaquin, fenpyroximate, neem oil.

When to treat:

Late May through mid-June, 363-707 GDD, PPI-ruby horsechestnut, Philadelphus.

IPM considerations:

Plants can tolerate low levels of foliar damage. Individual infested leaves can be removed by hand if practical.

Walnut caterpillar (67), Datana integerrima (moth)

Plant abnormalities:

Defoliation or partial defoliation.

Management options:

Useful egg and larval parasites, sometimes giving control. Bifenthrin, carbaryl, chlorantraniliprole (1.67SC, spray), cryolite, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, fluvalinate, indoxacarb, permethrin, spinosad.

When to treat:

Early to mid-July, 1029-1514 GDD, PPI-Tilia cordata, Abelia.

IPM considerations:

Larvae live in colonies. Walnut, butternut, and hickory are common hosts; may also feed on birch, oak, willow, honeylocust, and apple. Prune out heavily infested foliage.

White pine aphid (NA), Cinara strobi

Plant abnormalities:

Honeydew and sooty mold, weak to dead twigs. Aphids clustered on smooth bark of twigs and small branches.

Management options:

Natural enemies may occasionally be effective for control. Acephate, acetamiprid, bifenthrin, cyantraniliprole, cyfluthrin, diazinon, flonicamid, fluvalinate, horticultural oil, imidacloprid, malathion, neem oil, spirotetramat, thiamethoxam (Christmas trees only).

When to treat:

Oil for dormant, April, 7-121 GDD. Foliar sprays again from early to mid-May, 121-246 GDD, PPI-Japanese quince. Foliar spray again in mid-August, 1917-2271 GDD, PPI-witch hazel.

IPM considerations:

Live in dense clusters on white pine twigs. Heavy infestations reportedly lead to winter injury from twig desiccation. Dislodge aphids with a strong jet of water.

White pine weevil (20), Pissodes strobi

Plant abnormalities:

Dead or wilting leader, often with "shepherd's crook" shape. Trees develop multiple leaders or become crooked.

Management options:

Natural enemies do not provide control. Bifenthrin (*^FOnyxPro, *^FTalstar S, *Talstar P, *Baseline), diflubenzuron, gamma-cyhalothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin (Lambda-Cy RUP), permethrin.

When to treat:

April, 7-58 GDD, PPI-silver maple. Apply diflubenzuron (with oil) just before adults become active (when day temperatures reach 50°F and before bloom of forsythia) or other materials just as adults are observed.

IPM considerations:

Cut out wilted or dead leaders and destroy by the end of June. Feeds on a wide variety of pines and spruces, hemlock, and Douglas-fir.

White prunicola scale (188**), Pseudaulacaspis prunicola (armored scale)

Plant abnormalities:

White coating on trunk and twigs, yellowing and premature leaf drop, dieback.

Management options:

Predators and parasites are abundant but not reliable. Acephate, acetamiprid (8.5SL, trunk spray or injection), carbaryl, cyfluthrin, flonicamid, horticultural oil, insecticidal soap, lambda-cyhalothrin, neem oil, pyriproxyfen (Distance, Defiance), spirotetramat (Kontos spray, container drench).

When to treat:

April, 35-145 GDD. Again from mid-June through early July, 707-1151 GDD, PPI-mt. laurel, Tilia cordata.

IPM considerations:

Two generations per year. Oil can be used for dormant as well as verdant sprays. Prune off heavily infested branches. Hosts include Prunus, Syringa, Ligustrum, Salix, and Catalpa. Power-wash or scrub off heavy infestations on trunks with a brush. Do not apply oil in early fall. Late-summer applications of insecticidal soap are reported to work well. Direct sprays or power wash to female scales, which may be difficult to see. Crawler stages are bright orange.

Willow flea weevil (87), Rhynchaenus rufipes

Plant abnormalities:

Tiny circular pits in buds and new shoots, blotch mines in leaves. Trees appear scorched in heavy infestations.

Management options:

Natural enemies not studied. Bifenthrin.

When to treat:

Late May through first 10 days of June, 363-618 GDD, PPI-cranberry bush. Again from mid- to early July, 707-1029 GDD, PPI-golden rain tree.

IPM considerations:

Injury caused by both adults and larvae. Larvae mine upper surface of leaf. Primarily on willow (especially S. alba), but other hardwood species are hosts.

Willow twig aphids (147), Tuberolachnus salignus, Pterocomma smithiae

Plant abnormalities:

Sooty mold, dead twigs.

Management options:

Natural enemies not studied. Acephate, acetamiprid, bifenthrin, cyantraniliprole, cyfluthrin, diazinon, flonicamid, fluvalinate, horticultural oil, imidacloprid, insecticidal soap, malathion, neem oil, permethrin, pymetrozine, spirotetramat.

When to treat:

Late May through first 10 days of June, 363-618 GDD, PPI-cranberry bush. Again from mid- to early July, 707-1029 GDD, PPI-golden rain tree.

IPM considerations:

Injury caused by both adults and nymphs. P. smithiae (black willow aphid) reported also on poplar and silver maple; T. salignus (giant willow aphid) on willow and rarely poplar.

Woolly beech aphids (140), Grylloprociphilus imbricator, Phyllaphis fagi

Plant abnormalities:

Honeydew and sooty mold, dead twigs.

Management options:

Natural enemies often hold them in check. Acephate, acetamiprid, bifenthrin, cyantraniliprole, cyfluthrin, diazinon, flonicamid, fluvalinate, horticultural oil, imidacloprid, insecticidal soap, malathion, neem oil, permethrin, pymetrozine, spirotetramat.

When to treat:

Late May through mid-June, 363-707 GDD, PPI-ruby horsechestnut, mt. laurel.

IPM considerations:

G. imbricator (beech blight aphid) feeds mainly on American beech twigs and overwinters on roots of bald cypress, sometimes migrating north to establish local populations in late summer. It is occasionally a root pest of container-grown baldcypress; P. fagi (woolly beech leaf aphid) feeds on the underside of leaves and affects European beech. Knock off aphids with strong jet of water or prune off heavily infested branches.

Woolly elm aphid (145), Eriosoma americanum

Plant abnormalities:

Honeydew and sooty mold, distorted leaves on elms.

Management options:

Natural enemies often hold them in check. Acephate, acetamiprid, bifenthrin, cyantraniliprole, cyfluthrin, diazinon, flonicamid, fluvalinate, horticultural oil, imidacloprid, permethrin, spirotetramat.

When to treat:

Early to mid-May, 121-246 GDD, PPI-saucer magnolia, redbud. Imidacloprid soil application late fall or early spring.

IPM considerations:

This aphid alternates between elm and roots of a rosaceous host, usually Amelanchier, occasionally pear, quince, or hawthorn.

Woolly larch adelgid (32), Adelges laricis

Plant abnormalities:

Foliage may appear white, honeydew and sooty mold, needle distortion on larch.

Management options:

Natural enemies not studied. Acetamiprid, cyantraniliprole (drench), cyclaniliprole, horticultural oil, imidacloprid (foliar or soil application), insecticidal soap, spirotetramat (Kontos).

When to treat:

Foliar sprays early to mid-May, 121-192 GDD on larch, PPI-Japanese quince, flowering dogwood. Imidacloprid soil application late fall or early spring.

IPM considerations:

Pinkish galls develop on shoots of spruce, especially red and black.

Zimmerman pine moth (NA), Dioryctria zimmermani

Plant abnormalities:

New terminals or laterals become "fish-hooked" or yellow-green in spring, eventually brown. Dead branches appear in summer, pitch accumulation in whorl area and burl-like growth develop above girdled whorls.

Management options:

Natural enemies not very effective under nursery conditions. Abamectin trunk injection (*Abacide, *Abacide Hp), bifenthrin, chlorantraniliprole, diflubenzuron, dimethoate, permethrin.

When to treat:

Bark sprays late April through mid-May for larvae, 121-246 GDD, PPI-Japanese quince. Again from early to mid-August for moths, 912-1917 GDD, PPI-Tilia cordata. Add wetting agent to improve bark penetration.

IPM considerations:

Long-range manipulation of parasites may be effective for Christmas tree production. Feeds in cambium under bark of trunk and limbs. Damage has been most serious in Scots, red, and Austrian pine Christmas tree plantations, but the moth also attacks Japanese black, eastern white, and other pines. Remove infested cones and possibly also trees. Use pheromone traps for timing bark treatment; the Contech 'diamond' trap was best among those tested, followed closely by the delta-type trap. There may be two peaks of moth activity in summer.