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2024 Trees and Shrubs Table of Contents
2024 Cornell Pest Management G
1 Pesticide Information
1.1 Pesticide Classification a
1.2 Use Pesticides Properly
1.2.1 Plan Ahead
1.2.2 Move Pesticides Safely
1.2.3 Personal Protective Equi
1.2.4 Avoid Drift, Runoff, and
1.2.5 Avoid Equipment Accident
1.2.6 Pesticide Storage
1.3 Pollinator Protection
1.4 New York State Pesticide Use Restrictions
1.4.1 Restricted Use Pesticide
1.4.2 Additional Use Restricti
1.5 Verifying Pesticide Regist
1.6 Check Label for Site and P
1.7 Pesticide Recordkeeping/Reporting
1.7.1 New York State Reporting
1.7.2 New York State Recordkee
1.7.3 Federal Private Applicat
1.8 EPA Worker Protection Stan
1.9 Reduced-risk Pesticides, Minimum-risk Pesticides, and Biopesticides
1.9.1 Reduced-risk Pesticides
1.9.2 Minimum-risk Pesticides
1.9.3 Biopesticides
1.10 FIFRA 2(ee) Recommendatio
1.11 Neighbor Notification
1.12 Pesticide Use on School a
1.13 Toxicity and Hazards of Pesticides
1.13.1 Toxicity Ratings and Si
1.14 Handling Pesticides
2 Insect and Mite Pest Management of Trees and Shrubs
2.1 Introduction
2.2 How to Use the Insect and
2.3 About the Tables
2.4 Insect and Mite Control fo
2.5 Biorational Pest Management Tools and Tactics
2.5.1 ‘Biorational’ Controls
2.6 Insecticides
2.6.1 Insecticide Classes and
2.6.2 Phytotoxicity of Insecti
2.6.3 Timing Spray Application
2.6.3.1 Calendar Method
2.6.3.2 Growing Degree-Days (G
Figure 2.6.1. Growing degree-d
2.6.3.3 Plant Phenological Ind
2.6.4 Formulations - How Insec
2.6.5 Systemic Insecticides
2.6.5.1 Systemic Injection Tec
2.6.6 Imidacloprid Insecticide
2.6.7 Oil Sprays
Table 2.6.1. Optimum propertie
2.6.8 Storing Pesticides
2.6.9 Pesticide Adjuvants
2.6.10 Mist Blowers: Limitatio
Table 2.6.2. Effect of spray w
Table 2.6.3. Dilution rates fo
2.7 Insects and Mites Destructive to Woody Ornamentals
Table 2.7.1. Host plant guide
2.8 Pest Management Timing
2.9 Insect and Mite Pest Management
Table 2.9.1 Insect and mite ma
American plum borer (118), Euz
Apple blotch leafminer (90), P
Arborvitae leafminers (14), Ar
Azalea bark scale (160), Erioc
Azalea lace bug (204), Stephan
Azalea whitefly (151), Pealius
Bagworm (80, 81), Thyridoptery
Balsam gall midge (51), Paradi
Balsam twig aphid (33), Mindar
Balsam woolly adelgid (30), Ad
Beech blight aphid (see Woolly
Beech scale (158), Cryptococcu
Birch skeletonizer (102), Bucc
Black turpentine beetle (24),
Black vine weevil (112), Otior
Box tree moth (NA), Cydalima p
Boxelder bug (191), Boisea tri
Boxwood leafminers (94), Monar
Boxwood mite (229), Eurytetran
Boxwood psyllid (137), Psylla
Broad mite (NA), Polyphagotars
Bronze birch borer (128), Agri
Calico scale (169), Eulecanium
Cankerworms (63, 64), Alsophil
Cherry and hawthorn leafminer
Clover mite (228), Bryobia pra
Cooley spruce gall adelgid (49
Cottony camellia scale—see Cot
Cottony maple scales (162, 163
Cottony taxus scale (164), Chl
Cryptomeria scale (NA**), Aspi
Dogwood borer (123), Synanthed
Dogwood sawfly (55), Macremphy
Douglas-fir needle midge (15),
Eastern spruce gall adelgid (5
Eastern tent caterpillar (76),
Elm bark beetles (116), Scolyt
Elm casebearer (85), Coleophor
Elm leaf aphid (NA), Tinocalli
Elm leaf beetle (103), Pyrrhal
Elm leafminer (85), Fenusa ulm
Elongate hemlock scale (45**),
Emerald ash borer (NA), Agrilu
Eriophyid mites (54, 231-5), v
Euonymus scale (186**), Unaspi
European elm scale (176), Goss
European fruit lecanium (174),
European hornet (238), Vespa c
European pine sawfly (2), Neod
European pine shoot moth (17,1
European red mite (228), Panon
Fall webworm (75), Hyphantria
Fletcher scale (42), Parthenol
Forest tent caterpillar (76),
Fruittree leafroller (78, 99),
Golden oak scale (168), Astero
Greenstriped mapleworm (NA), D
Gypsy moth (see spongy moth)
Hackberry psylla (218), Pachyp
Hawthorn leafmining sawfly (se
Hemlock looper (5), Lambdina f
Hemlock rust mite (54), Nalepe
Hemlock scale (44**), Abgralla
Hemlock woolly adelgid (32), A
Hickory leaf stem gall phyllox
Holly leafminer (95), Phytomyz
Honeylocust plant bug (194), D
Honeylocust pod gall midge (22
Honeylocust spider mite (228),
Honeysuckle aphid (149), Hyada
Imported willow leaf beetle (1
Japanese beetle (110), Popilli
Japanese maple scale (NA**), L
Japanese weevil—see Twobanded
Juniper scale (46**), Carulasp
Juniper webworm (8), Dichomeri
Kermes oak scales (174), Allok
Lace bugs (204-206), Corythuch
Larch casebearer (11), Coleoph
Larch sawfly (1), Pristophora
Leafhoppers (198-201), several
Lecanium scales—see European f
Lesser peachtree borer (121),
Lilac borer (122), Podosesia s
Lilac leafminer (90), Caloptil
Linden looper (64), Erannis ti
Linden spider mite (NA), Eotet
Locust borer (129), Megacyllen
Locust leafminer (87), Odontot
Magnolia scale (169), Neolecan
Maple bladdergall mite (232),
Maple trumpet skeletonizer (98
Maskell scale (NA**), Lepidosa
Mimosa webworm (82), Homadaula
Mountain-ash sawfly (56), Pris
Nantucket pine tip moth (17, 1
Native holly leafminer (95), P
Northern pine weevil (NA), Pis
Oak blotch leafminers (88, 90)
Oak leaf or twig galls (212-21
Oak leaftier (78), Croesia sem
Oak skeletonizer (102), Buccul
Oak spider mite (228), Oligony
Orangestriped oakworm (70), An
Oriental beetle (NA), Exomala
Oystershell scale (177**), Lep
Pales weevil (21), Hylobius pa
Peachtree borer (121), Synanth
Pearleaf blister mite (234), P
Periodical cicada (236), Magic
Pine bark adelgid (31), Pineus
Pine needleminer (13), Exotele
Pine needle scale (47**), Chio
Pine root collar weevil (NA),
Pine sawflies (1-3), Diprion a
Pine shoot beetle (NA), Tomicu
Pine spittlebugs (36), Aphroph
Pine tip moths—see European pi
Pine tortoise scale (41), Toum
Pine tube moth (16), Argyrotae
Pine webspinning sawflies (NA)
Pine webworm (4), Pococera rob
Pitch twig moth (29), Petrova
Poplar-and-willow borer (126),
Privet rust mite (231), Aculus
Privet thrips (208), Dendrothr
Redbanded leafroller (99), Arg
Redheaded flea beetle (NA), Sy
Rhododendron borer (121), Syna
Rhododendron gall midge (227),
Rhododendron stem borer (123B
Rose chafer (110), Macrodactyl
Roseslugs (58), Endelomyia aet
Roundheaded apple tree borer (
Rust mites (54), eriophyid mit
San Jose scale (185**), Quadra
Sassafras weevil (97), Odontop
Satin moth (71), Leucoma salic
Slugs and snails (240), Limax,
Snowball aphid (142), Neocerur
Southern pine beetle (25), Den
Southern red mite (229), Oligo
Spongy moth (formerly gypsy mo
Spotted lanternfly (NA), Lycor
Spruce bud scale (41), Physoke
Spruce budworm (7), Choristone
Spruce needleminers (9), Endot
Spruce spider mite (52), Oligo
Sugar maple borer (130), Glyco
Taxus bud mite (230), Cecidoph
Taxus mealybug (37), Dysmicocc
Tent caterpillars—see Eastern
Tuliptree aphid (138), Illinoi
Tuliptree scale (173), Touymey
Tussock moths (71), Halysidota
Twig pruners (124), Anelaphus
Twobanded Japanese weevil (114
Twospotted spider mite (228-22
Viburnum leaf beetle (104), Py
Walnut blister mite (235), Ace
Walnut caterpillar (67), Datan
White pine aphid (NA), Cinara
White pine weevil (20), Pissod
White prunicola scale (188**),
Willow flea weevil (87), Rhync
Willow twig aphids (147), Tube
Woolly beech aphids (140), Gry
Woolly elm aphid (145), Erioso
Woolly larch adelgid (32), Ade
Zimmerman pine moth (NA), Dior
2.10 Registered Insecticides and Acaricides
Abamectin (6) - Fluvalinate (3
Gamma-Cyhalothrin (3A) - Z-Tetradec-7-en-2-one
Table 2.10.1. Insecticides and
Symbols Used: * = Restricted u
3 Disease Management for Trees and Shrubs
3.1 General Measures for Disea
3.2 Nursery Hygiene
3.3 Diseases of General Importance or Occurrence
3.3.1 Crown Gall
Table 3.3.1. Provisional List
3.3.2 Verticillium Wilt
3.3.3 Shoestring Root Rot
3.3.4 Powdery Mildew
3.3.5 Chlorosis Caused by Mang
3.3.6 Cutting Rots Caused by S
3.4 Disease Control
Catalpa (catalpa)
Celtis (hackberry)
Cercis (redbud)
3.5 Fungicide Information
Table 3.5.1. Some fungicides,
Pyraclostrobin (11) + Boscalid
Thiabendazole Hypophosphite (1
Thiophanate-Methyl (1)
Thiophanate-Methyl (1) + Iprod
Triadimefon (3)
Trichoderma (T. harzianum var.
Trifloxystrobin (11)
4 Weed Management in Nursery Crops
4.1 Establishing a Weed Management Program
4.1.1 The Need for a Weed Mana
4.1.2 Weed Identification
4.1.3 Weed Scouting
4.1.4 Weed Management Options
4.1.5 A Few Terms Used in Weed
4.1.6 Herbicide Formulations a
4.2 Controlling Weeds before Planting
4.2.1 Preplant Treatment with
4.3 Weed Management Strategies in Growing Crops
4.3.1 Postplant Perennial Weed
4.3.2 Postplant Annual Weed Co
4.3.3 Herbicide Combinations
4.3.4 Seedling Weeds in Establ
4.3.5 Seedling Weeds in Contai
4.3.6 Weeds Around Container P
4.3.7 Controlling Weeds in Adj
4.3.8 After Treatments are App
4.4 Herbicides and Cover Crop
4.5 Nonchemical Methods of Wee
4.6 Activated Charcoal for Con
4.7 Herbicide Resistance
4.8 Description and Characteristics of Herbicides Registered for Nursery and Landscape Use
Acclaim Extra
*Asulox
Barricade
Basagran T&O
Biathlon
*BroadStar, *SureGuard
Casoron, Barrier
Devrinol
*Dimension
Diquat SPC 2L
*Envoy Plus, others
†Finale XL T&O
Fuerte
Fusilade II, Ornamec
Goal 2XL, GoalTender
*FGramoxone SL 3.0
*Kerb SCT&O, Kerb SC
*†Lontrel, *†Stinger
*†Marengo, *†Specticle Flo, *†
OH2
Pendulum, *Corral
*†Pennant Magnum
*†Princep, *†Princep Caliber 9
*Ronstar G, *Ronstar Flo
Roundup Pro, Roundup ProMax, o
Scythe, others
SedgeHammer, SedgeHammer+, Oth
Segment II
Surflan, Surflan Flex
Treflan 5G, others
Surflan XL 2G
4.9 Weed Susceptibilities to Herbicides
Table 4.9.1. Weed susceptibili
Table 4.9.1. Weed susceptibili
Table 4.9.2. Weed susceptibili
Table 4.9.2. Weed susceptibili
4.10. Registered Herbicides
Table 4.10.1 Herbicides regist
Table 4.10.2. Herbicides regis
Table 4.10.3. Selected Approve
4.11 Scientific Name Cross-references
Table 4.11.1. Cross-reference
Table 4.11.2. Cross-reference
5 Vertebrate Pest Management
5.1 Integrated Pest Management
5.2 Nonchemical Wildlife Damage Management Alternatives
5.2.1 Exclusion
5.2.2 Habitat Modification
5.2.3 Population Reduction
5.3 Control of Rodent Damage to Nursery and Landscape Plants
5.3.1 Rodent Control in Field
5.4 Repellents for Deer and Rabbits
Table 5.3.1. Pesticides for ma
5.5 Rodent Control in Buildings and Other Structures
5.5.1 Pest Species
5.5.2 Feeding Behavior
5.5.3 Determining the Presence
5.5.4 Long-Term Population Sup
5.5.5 Rodenticides for Structu
Tips for Laundering Pesticide-
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Abamectin (6) - Fluvalinate (3A) + Abamectin (6) + Piperonyl Butoxide (PBO)
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Abamectin (6) - Fluvalinate (3A) + Abamectin (6) + Piperonyl Butoxide (PBO)
2.10 Registered Insecticides and Acaricides
Gamma-Cyhalothrin (3A) - Z-Tetradec-7-en-2-one